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57. "[M]odern Iran, which in 1893 was recovering from a severe cholera epidemic, but in 1903 was subjected to the intrigues of the British and Russian governments who were anxious to extend their influence." Green (p. 333, fn. 12)
58. "[T]he chief town of the Hijáz in Arabia and the great holy city of Islam, ...situated two camel marches..., or about 45 miles, almost due east, from Jidda, on the Red Sea.... [L]ong before Mohammed we find Mecca established in the twofold quality of a commercial centre and a privileged holy place, surrounded by an inviolable territory (the Haram), which was not the sanctuary of a single tribe but a place of pilgrimage, where religious observances were associated with a series of annual fairs at different points in the vicinity.... [T]he sanctuary and feast of Mecca received a new prestige from the victory of Islam. Purged of elements obviously heathenish, the Kába (Caaba) became the holiest site, and the pilgrimage the most sacred ritual observance of Mohammadanism, drawing worshippers from so wide a circle that the confluence of the petty traders of the desert was no longer the main feature of the holy season...."
"The industries of Mecca all centre in the pilgrimage; the chief object of every Meccan--from the notables and sheikhs, who use their influence to gain custom for the Jidda speculators in the pilgrim traffic, down to the cicerones, pilgrim brokers, lodging-house keepers, and semi-mendicant hangers on at the holy places--being to pillage the visitor in every possible way. Thus the fanaticism of the Meccan is an affair of the purse; the mongrel population (for the town is by no means purely Arab) has exchanged the virtues of the Bedouin for the worst corruptions of Eastern town life, without casting off the ferocity of the desert, and it is hardly possible to find a worse certificate of character than the three parallel gashes on each cheek, called Tashrit, which are the customary mark of birth in the holy city. The unspeakable vices of Mecca are a scandal to all Islám, and a constant source of wonder to pious pilgrims. The slave trade, which still subsists and is very dear to the Arab heart, has connexions with the pilgrimage which are not yet thoroughly cleared up; but there is no doubt that under cover of the pilgrimage a great deal of kidnaping and importation of slaves goes on." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XV, p. 669, 71-72)
In Holmes and Watson, June Thomson dismisses the oft-repeated complaint that Holmes could not have entered Mecca as an Englishman or even as a Norwegian. "Such potential danger need not have troubled Holmes for it is quite possible that for this part of his journey he adopted not only a new name and a new nationality, as he had done in Tibet, but also a new religion and appearance, passing himself off as either an Algerian or Moroccan Muslim.... His dark eyes and hair as well as his lean features and hawk-like nose...already gave him a cast of features not unlike an Arab's, a similarity which would have been enhanced by the deep tan he had acquired through exposure to the sun and wind during his travels in Tibet. Language would not have been a problem either. Both Algeria and Morocco were under French rule at that time and Holmes spoke French like a native." (p. 178)
59. "'Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad At-ta'i'ishi, also called 'Abdullahi (b. 1846, Sudan--d. Nov. 24, 1899, Kordofan), political and religious leader who succeeded Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi) as head of a religious movement and state within the Sudan.... In about 1880 he became a disciple of Muhammad Ahmad, who announced that he had a divine mission, became known as al-Mahdi, and appointed 'Abd Allah a caliph (khalifa). When al-Mahdi died in 1885, 'Abd Allah became leader of the Mahdist movement.... [He] believed he could best control the disparate elements that supported him by maintaining the expansionist momentum begun by al-Mahdi. He launched attacks against the Ethiopians and began an invasion of Egypt. But 'Abd Allah had greatly overestimated the support his forces would receive from the Egyptian peasantry and underestimated the potency of the Anglo-Egyptian military forces, and in 1889 his troops suffered a crushing defeat in Egypt.
"A feared Anglo-Egyptian advance up the Nile did not materialize. Instead 'Abd Allah suffered famine and military defeats in the eastern Sudan. The most serious challenge to his authority came from a revolt of the Ashraf in November 1891, but he kept this from reaching extensive proportions and reduced his opponents to political impotence. During the next four years, 'Abd Allah ruled securely and was able to consolidate his authority. The famine and the expense of large-scale military campaigns came to an end. 'Abd Allah modified his administrative policies, making them more acceptable to the people. Taxation became less burdensome. 'Abd Allah created a new military corps, the mulazimiyah, of whose loyalty he felt confident.
"But in 1896 Anglo-Egyptian forces began their reconquest of the Sudan. Although 'Abd Allah resisted for almost two years, he could not prevail against British machine guns. In September 1898 he was forced to flee his capital, Omdurman, but he remained at large with a considerable army. Many Egyptians and Sudanese resented the Condominium Agreement of January 1899, by which the Sudan became almost a British protectorate, and 'Abd Allah hoped to rally support. But on Nov. 24, 1899, a British force engaged the Mahdist remnants, and 'Abd Allah died in the fighting. "'Abd-Allah," Britannica CD. Version 97.[hereinafter "Britannica '97"].
60. The traditional colonial capital of the Sudan, at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile. In the brief Mahdi revolution, which began in 1881 and ended with the death of the Khalifa in 1899 (see note 58, supra), Al-Mahdi's crowning victory was the capture of Khartoum. It took place on Jan. 26, 1885, after a resolute defense by its commander, Major General Charles George Gordon (Dr. Watson's hero--see CARD), who, against al-Mahdi's express order, was killed in the final assault. After the capture, al-Mahdi set up his administrative centre at Omdurman, an expanded village of mud houses and grass-roofed huts on the left bank of the Nile, opposite Khartoum. The site of the new capital had two advantages: It was higher and better-drained, hence healthier, than Khartoum, and, by governing from the exclusively Sudanese town of Omdurman, al-Mahdi avoided the evil associations of the old capital. Holmes presumably refers to "Khartoum" in the expansive sense of the seat of government, including Omdurman, and in the modern era the "Three Towns of Khartoum" encompass Khartoum, Khartoum North, and Omdurman.
61. "[C]oal-tar...is primarily a by-product of the distillation of coal for the manufacture of illuminating gas...." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XXIII, p. 57) Its byproducts listed in the Britannica include pitch, asphalt, antracene oil, creosote oil, carbolic oil (carbolic acid), naphthalene, first running and light oil, and benzene and toluolene. The latter are used in manufacturing "tar-colours," the newly-discovered dyes. Remsen Ten Eyck Schenck, in "Baker Street Fables," remarks: "[N]o chemist would be guilty of making [this statement]. At least 80% of all the research work in chemistry done by thousands of men in the last hundred years could be so described, since about that proportion of the known organic compounds are coal-tar derivatives. The remark is therefore windy, grandiose and so diffuse as to be practically devoid of meaning. It is as easy to imagine HM George VI describing himself, in no spirit of levity, as 'working for the government.'" (p. 89)
62. Montpellier, "chief town of the department of Hérault, France, is situated...about 480 miles south of Paris, and about 7 miles from the Mediterranean. As the headquarters of the 16th corps d'armée, as the seat of a bishop, of a university, and of a court of appeal, Montpellier is the principal place of lower Languedoc....[There is a] famous medical school..... Connected with the medical school is an anatomical museum and a rich library. Montepellier also possesses a faculty of science, with several fine collections, a faculty of letters, a higher school of pharmacy, an agricultural college, and a sericultural [silk-production] institute." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XVI, p. 792). The name is misspelled "Montpelier" in the Strand Magazine and various book editions.
63. This was clearly Moran; but what happened to the other, unnamed enemy? See note 40, supra.
64. The student will recall that in FINA, Holmes reports that Moriarty's men had "set fire to our rooms" but that "no great harm was done." "Yet in another place," Armstrong writes, "[Holmes] makes the statement that Mycroft had only visited his rooms once, and a second visit is a cause for great excitement. Mycroft could hardly have kept the rooms up without visiting them, especially as they had been burned shortly prior to Holmes's departure; for although the damage was slight, it was sufficient to deserve notice in the press. Nor could he restore them to their former state on the basis of a single visit, even though his powers of observation were admittedly great. Neither could Mrs. Hudson, for she seldom crossed the threshold, and must have been completely unfamiliar with many of the esoteric devices which her distinguished lodger employed in his trade. In fact, only one man could have done it, and that man was Watson. Naturally he did not want his name to appear, because he is supposed to have thought that Holmes was dead." (p. 399-400)
In "The Curious Incident of the Avoidance of Probate, with some reflections on the Premature Senility of Colonel Sebastian Moran," Ralph Earle II ponders why no probate administration for Holmes was commenced by Mycroft and how Mycroft dissuaded Watson from doing so himself. He further wonders what was Mycroft's explanation to Watson regarding the continuance of the quarters at Baker Street, the payment of the rent, and the lack of disposition of the personal effects? Similarly, Joe Eckrich in "The Death and Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes," questions why Watson did not make formal notification of Holmes's disappearance and presumed death in order to commence proceedings to declare Holmes legally dead. Eckrich makes the interesting suggestion that the events of EMPT took place in 1891, not 1894, with Holmes returning to London long enough to let Watson in on the truth. (p. 3)
65. Does this mean the death of Mary Morstan? Wingate Bett, in "Watson's Second Marriage," advances the theory that "bereavement" may mean, not death, but deprivation, either by estrangement (which he dismisses as unthinkable) or by mental derangement. Bett suggests that "the prolonged strain to which Miss Morstan's sensitive nature had been subjected during the events of SIGN and for some years previously might well have led to a mental breakdown." (p. 22) Dakin rejects this speculation without detailed reasoning. (p. 159) C. Alan Bradley and William A. S. Sarjeant note, in Ms. Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth about Sherlock [hereinafter "Bradley and Sarjeant"], that Watson does not even identify the name of the deceased person; "it could have been Watson's mother, his father or his brother, for all that the chronicle tells us." (p. 87)
Most scholars, however, accept the conventional view that Watson's "sad bereavement" was caused by the death of Mary Morstan. June Thomson writes, in Holmes and Watson, "The cause of her death is not known. She was still a young woman, only thirty years old in 1891, and one suggestion that she died in childbirth, a common cause of death in women of childbearing age in Victorian times, is plausible although there is no evidence in the canon to support it. Another theory, that she was already suffering from tuberculosis, which was why Watson was so concerned to return to the Englischer Hof to tend the Englishwoman dying of the same illness [in FINA], and that Mrs. Watson herself later died of the disease, is less supportable. In that period, tuberculosis was serious and potentially fatal. With no vaccines to prevent it and no antibiotics to cure it, the only treatment was rest and fresh air. And yet at the time Watson left with Holmes for the Continent [in FINA], Mrs. Watson was absent from home on a visit, an unlikely event if she was already a TB patient. Watson would not have allowed it nor would he have been as eager to accompany Holmes abroad had he known his wife was already suffering from consumption which, as a doctor, he would almost certainly have diagnosed." (p. 175-76)
The "death in childbirth" theory is also espoused by William R. Cochran, in "The Disappearance of the First Mrs. Watson," who argues that Holmes returned to London not to trap Moran but to comfort Watson.
66. "Margaret Street, the second cross-street beyond Oxford Street, leads to the W. (left) to Cavendish Square, which contains an equestrian statue in marble of the Duke of Cumberland (the victor at Culloden in 1746), by Chew, and a bronze statue of Lord George Bentinck (d. 1848), by Campbell. Harcourt House, on the W. side of the square, is the mansion of the Duke of Portland. Lord Byron was born in 1788 at 24 Holles Street, between Cavendish Square and Oxford Street; the house, however, has since been rebuilt." Baedeker (p. 271-72). Cavendish Square takes its name from Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles, who married Edward Harley (afterwards second Earl of Oxford) in 1713. The square was laid out in 1717. Roden (p. 308, fn. 177).
67. Weller suggests "[p]ossibly South Street, via Harley Street, Great Marylebone Street, Wimpole Mews, Weymouth Street, Beaumont Mews, Marylebone High Street, Paddington Street, Grotto Passage, Ossingtom Buildings Passage, Paradise Street, and North Street." (p. 43, fn. 92) The route is considered in detail in Bernard Davies's "The Mews of Marylebone."
68. "A short West End street connecting Manchester Street with Baker Street." Sherlockiana (p. 39) The street was apparently named by William Henry Portman, or Orchard Portman in Somerset, who inherited some 270 acres of St. Marylebone in the middle of the 18th century. "The Portmans later owned Bryanston, near Blandford in Dorset," write Hector Bolitho and Derek Peel, in Without the City Wall [hereinafter "Bolitho & Peel"], "and thus we have Blandford Square and Street..." (p. 135)
69. "From the route description," comments Weller, "this would be either Blandford Mews (now Broadstone Place) or Kendall Mews (now Kendall Place), with the weight of Holmesian scholarship being in favour of the latter." (p. 43, fn. 94)
70. June Thomson observes, "Holmes almost certainly [visited] the estate agent whose name would have appeared on the 'Vacant' sign outside Camden House. No doubt pretending an interest in the property, he was able to obtain a key to the empty house." Holmes and Watson (p. 186) However, Thomas L. Stix, supra, note 17, expresses doubt: "Where did Holmes get the key? We do not know, but our experience is that estate agents do not casually give out keys to properties that they control." (p. 95)
71. Although Watson's directions are explicit, in the words of David L. Hammer (in The Game is Afoot [hereinafter "Afoot"]), "There are as many candidates for the Empty House as for 221B, and the most which can be said is that it remains a shadowy location." The suggested locations for Holmes's and Watson's residence are summarized in Appendix 1, infra.
72. In the English edition, the phrase "your little fairy-tales" has been replaced by "our little adventures."
73. Apparently a paraphrase of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra: "Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety..."--Act II, Scene 2, lines 241-242.
74. "Presumably, in the intervals between sittings, the Master of Baker Street found much to interest him in that ancient town, not the least being the famous 'hanging bridges,' one over the Isère and the other over the Drac," Belden Wigglesworth comments in "The French Background of Sherlock Holmes: Aspects and Possibilities." (p. 41) Irving Kamil, in "The Search for Oscar Meunier," concludes that "Oscar Meunier" was a pseudonym for Auguste Rodin.
75. McQueen comments that "t was probably a streak of vanity in Holmes, rather than any premeditation to use [this bust and the effigy of Holmes by Tavernier--see MAZA] in the detection of crime, which led him to have the figures made. The Meunier bust presumably dates from the period of Holmes's travels abroad between 1891 and 1894. The date of the Tavernier facsimile is likely to have been very little earlier than the adventure of The Mazarin Stone itself.... the link between the two models is that both were made at times when Holmes and Watson had parted. Do they show, perhaps, that Holmes so missed his friend and companion that on each occasion his mind was fastening on a means of preserving some record of himself for the benefit of posterity? Well-known modelers like Meunier and Tavernier would not have worked for nothing, and both effigies must have cost Holmes a fairly large sum of money. But they were little extravagances which Holmes must have immensely enjoyed." (p. 70-71)
76. Ronald A. Knox, the father of the Higher Criticism, whose thesis it is that Mycroft was a "double-agent," in the "pay" of both his brother and Professor Moriarty, writes, "Credat Jud?us Apella; you do not really watch a house on the chance of its being revisited, for three years on end. No, Colonel Moran's information will have come, as usual, from Mycroft; Sherlock, as usual, conceals the equivocal part his brother has been playing in the drama, and fobs off his credulous biographer with a manifest lie. To do Mycroft justice, [however,] it should be remarked that in this matter he had probably the intention of betraying, not his brother, but Colonel Moran. The bust of Sherlock...can hardly have reached Baker Street without Mycroft's knowledge; and he was probably aware, therefore, that in divulging the news of Sherlock's return he was in effect baiting a trap." ("Mystery of Mycroft") (p. 153-54) June Thomson, in Holmes and Watson, reaches a similar conclusion for different reasons: "Colonel Moran was no fool and, once his name appeared in the newspapers in connection with the Adair murder, he himself would have realized that Holmes would be tempted to return to London. There was no need, therefore, for him to have had a watch kept on the house for the whole three years of Holmes's absence.... The surveillance would have lasted only a few days and Holmes's use of the word 'continuously' refers merely to the day and night observation kept on the house since his return was expected." (p. 185)
77. According to E. Cobham Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable [hereinafter "Brewer"], a "Garrot'e or Garotte (2 syl., g hard) is the Spanish garrote (a stick). The original way of garrotting in Spain was to place the victim on a chair with a cord round his neck, then to twist the cord with a stick till strangulation ensued. In 1851 General Lopez was garrotted by the Spanish authorities for attempting to gain possession of Cuba; since which time the thieves of London, etc., have adopted the method of strangling their victim by throwing their arms round his throat, while an accomplice rifles his pockets." However, the Slang Dictionary defines "garroting" as "a mode of cheating practiced amongst card-sharpers, by concealing certain cards at the back of the neck." (p. 141) In which category of garroter Parker fell is not certain.
Gordon R. Speck suggests, in "The Provenance of Parker, the Garroter," that Moran and Parker met in India and that Parker deliberately copied the "Thugee" modus operandi of strangulation, to shift blame for killings ordered by Moran from himself to the Thugee.
A different view is expressed by Lionel Needleman. In an astute article entitled "Parker the Garrotter: Why Was He Harmless?," Needleman reasons that Parker was "harmless" because, although he had attained notoriety in the early 1860's as a garroter, he had been imprisoned in 1863 in the panic resulting from the outbreak of garroting which took place in the autumn and winter of 1862-63 in London. His sentence was long and severe, and he emerged from prison a broken man. Thereafter, he took up street performances on the jew's-harp and begging, during which time he came to Holmes's attention (how else, notes Needleman, would Holmes know of his ability?). Thus Parker, a well-known street-person, was the perfect lookout.
78. "Jew's harp, or Jew's Trump (Fr. Trompe), a small musical instrument, known for centuries all over Europe, and consisting of a metal frame with two branches, between which a slender tongue of steel, fastened at one end, and free at the other, is made to vibrate by twitching with the finger, while the frame is held between the teeth. The English name "Jew's trump," seems to be merely a corruption of the French words jeu and trompe.... In the Himalaya journals one of the travelers mentions that he procured a Jew's harp from Tibet." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XIII, p. 688) Could Parker have followed Holmes to Tibet?
79. This sentence is omitted in the English edition.
80. Thomas L. Stix, supra, note 17, ponders Moran's reaction to finding the door unlocked: "[W]hat would the most cunning and dangerous criminal in London do? He would say to himself that Mr. Sherlock Holmes was setting a trap for him, quietly close the door and go back to the Bagatelle Club and have a quiet evening, cheating a few friends at cards." (p. 95) However, Warren Randall, in "A Silliness at the Empty House," suggests that Moran owned the house and in fact laid a careful trap for Holmes, which ended not in Moran's arrest but in the deaths of Holmes and Watson.
81. "A collapsible top hat, usually made of silk which could be folded away conveniently by the opera-goer." Jones (p. 93-94)
82. Ronald Sherbrooke-Walker writes, in "Clothes Canonical": "But why was [Colonel Moran] thus attired for a sniping expedition in an Empty House? Perhaps like Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson in their foray on Appledore Towers he thought he would fit better into the landscape than he would in battledress. He must have regretted it later when he was hailed off to the lock-up by Inspector Lestrade on a murder rap, crackling stiff shirt and all." (p. 105) June Thomson suggests, in Holmes and Watson, that "t is...highly probable that Moran had set up an alibi for himself for the time of Adair's murder, a suggestion which may be linked to the fact that on the night he attempted to murder Holmes he was wearing full evening dress.... [Moran] may well have spent the earlier part of the evening at the theatre or dining with friends as part of an alibi to cover his movements for that crime as well." (p. 195)
83. Given as "whirring" in some editions.
84. "A metal cover which closes the breech of a gun once the cartridges have been loaded." Jones (p. 22)
85. "Does a revolver bullet, fired from an air-gun across a street through a window, cause a 'long, silvery tinkle of broken glass'?" S. Tupper Bigelow, asks in "Two Canonical Problems Solved." "All the ones I've ever seen or heard about drill a neat hole even through plate glass." (p. 268, note 7)
86. Donald A. Redmond, in his masterwork Sherlock Holmes, A Study in Sources [hereinafter "Sources"], suggests that this may refer to the "odd case of Vernon Heath, a well-known photographer, who undoubtedly did walk into the Thames at East Molesey on the first of December 1892." (p. 112)
87. Another example of the popularity of phrenology.
88. Holmes apparently paraphrases Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Act II, Scene 3, line 46: "Journeys end in lovers meeting." Scholars note that Holmes has a special fondness for Twelfth Night, as it is the only one of Shakespeare's works which he quotes twice (see also REDC). From this, some have built a case that Holmes's birthday was "twelfth night," or January 6.
89. "Aloysius" in the manuscript.
90. Numerous scholars ask this very question. Ralph Earle II, supra, note 63, proposes that Moran suffered early senility--note Holmes's numerous reference to Moran being "old" and "elderly," at the calendrical age of 54. John Linsenmeyer, in a footnote to Norman J. VanValkenburgh's "The Old Shikari," comments, "To look 'elderly' at 54 bespeaks either illness or alcohol-induced decrepitude, either of which helps to explain how an old shikari was duped by a wax bust shuffled about by an old lady." (p. 15)
91. "[A] hunter, a sportsman.--Anglo-India. An English sportsman who has seen many ups and downs in the jungles of the East styles himself 'the Old Shekary.'" Slang Dictionary (p. 227)
92. "[An air-gun is] a weapon like a common gun in shape, in which the force employed to propel the bullet is the elasticity of condensed atmospheric air. It has attached to it, or constructed in it, a strong metal chamber, into which air is forced by a condensing syringe.... In this way a pressure may be obtained of several hundred atmospheres. When a trigger is touched, the condensed air rushes into a space behind the bullet with such force as to propel it from the barrel to a considerable distance. If only a little air be allowed to escape each time, a single charge will propel a number of bullets in succession, with a constantly diminishing force. Sometimes the weapon is made in the form of a walking-stick, and then is called an air-cane. The air-gun is little else than a scientific toy, and has no practical value. The apparatus is costly, the process of condensation requires considerable labour, and the propulsive force of the air is, at its maximum, less than that of an ordinary charge of gunpowder. The only advantage it can be said to have in any way is the questionable one of its use being unattended by the explosive noise that accompanies the discharge of a common gun." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. I, p. 428-29).
William Perceval expands, in "Sherlock Holmes and Air-Guns": "The first known example of an air-gun was a single shot model made by Güter of Nuremberg as long ago as 1530. Other German gunsmiths, such as Lobsinger (1550) and Mavin (1600), then developed a repeating air-gun. One maker at this period, Dumbler, even perfected a gun which could fire through a 1-inch plank, but he was forbidden to market it on the ground that it was 'a murderous weapon with which a man might be killed and yet not know what had hit him.' Indeed so unsporting was the weapon thought to be that gunmakers made their air-guns resemble ordinary muskets as much as possible." (p. 15) D. Sutherland-Bruce, in "The Von Herder Air-Rifle," points out that the first commercial air rifles were produced by one Henry Quackenbush in an American factory in 1874. However, in the Napoleonic Wars, air rifles were used by the Austrian Army, which created a special corps of 1200 men armed with the "silent" rifles, and deployed at Wagram and during the Tyrolean Campaign of 1808-09. (p. 1)
Ralph A. Ashton, in "Colonel Moran's Infamous Air Rifle," states that there existed, from the middle of the eighteenth century, a rare arm, the Bolzenbüchse [box of bolts], a breech-loading air-powered rifle designed to shoot darts over a range of about 10 metres. It was unerringly accurate and virtually noiseless. Ashton suggests that von Herder adapted this gun to meet the two other specifications set up by Professor Moriarty: First, he bored the Bolzenbüchse to carry a revolver bullet of sufficient caliber to kill; second, to make the gun portable, and in a form unrecognizable as a gun, he redesigned the one-piece Bolzenbüchse rifle into a two-piece take-down model. "Von Herder didn't create anything. He merely adapted an existing type of firearm. It is interesting to note that this was not lost on Holmes, who did not classify von Herder as a master gunsmith [but] called him...a mechanic." (p. 159)
Philip Weller provides the definitive study of the problem in his monograph Sherlock Holmes and Air-Guns and concludes, "It seems to be pointless to attempt the Von Herder air-gun with one of those which were commercially available at the time of FINA and EMPT, as some have done, since even in 1894 Holmes refers to that air-gun as being 'unique'. It is possible, however, that Colonel Moran's unique weapon did become the model for a production line after 1894." (p. 26)
93. "How did a mechanic come to have a title of nobility?" Elmer Davis wonders in his introduction to The Return of Sherlock Holmes. "Even big industrialists found them hard to come by, in the Kaiserreich. Or, alternatively, how did a nobleman happen to become a mechanic?" (p. xiii]
Ashton, supra, note 91, provides a fanciful biography of Von Herder: "Augustus Heinrich Friedrich Kartoffelschale [potato-peel] von Herder was born Vienna 1 April 1803. Mother: Fr?ulein Schmutzi Liebelnhastig [loves-rashly] von Herder. Father: unknown. Knighted by Friedrich Wilhelm IV (date unknown) for research into problems of using dehydrated water as a propellant in place of gunpowder. (By removing all traces of moisture from water, it could be concentrated into a very small place; when reconstituted, it expanded and forced the bullet from the barrel with explosive energy.) Blinded by acid in 1839 while experimenting with poisoned bullets. Died by gunshot wounds 1 April 1901, believed to have been inflicted by a jealous husband." (p. 155)
94. In "Was It Attempted Murder?," S. Tupper Bigelow demonstrates conclusively that under British law, Sebastian Moran was utterly innocent of this crime, because he fired at a dummy and not at Holmes himself.
95. "In the face of this refusal," June Thomson points out, in Holmes and Watson, "the Inspector's hands were tied. Neither he nor the two policemen hiding in the doorway had seen Moran fire at the wax bust. All they knew was that someone had fired a bullet and, even though Moran was found with the airgun in his possession, there was no proof...that this was the weapon used.... It is difficult to understand the reasoning behind Holmes's refusal to co-operate with the police.... In the absence of any explanation on Holmes's part one can only assume that during the three years spent abroad he had learned to appreciate the advantages of living incognito and now preferred to avoid publicity..." (p. 192-93)
96. Park Lane fronts on Hyde Park for its entire length. Where, then, did the Colonel fire from? As S. Tupper Bigelow, puts it: "If Moran killed [Adair], where was Moran when he fired the shot--in a helicopter?"
Percival Wilde, in "The Bust in the Window," suggests that "Colonel Moran must have fired from a spot near the Marble Arch entrance of Hyde Park, in the Park itself, and must have done so without attracting the least attention from the masses of humanity which are so much in evidence 'between the hours of ten and eleven-twenty' p.m. A comparable shot would be one fired into a third-storey window of the Astor Hotel by a marksman standing on the east side of Broadway at an identical time of night." (p. 304) Dakin calls this "an incredibly rash act between ten and eleven p.m., when Hyde Park is by no means deserted." (p. 160)
Edgar W. Smith, supra, note 36, thinks that Moran must have "climbed a strategically-placed tree in the park to put himself on a level with the second-storey window at 427 Park Lane (two flights up, mind you), behind which young Adair was sitting." (p. 33) "[This] must have aroused even greater curiosity," comments Dakin, "had he been observed doing it, especially by a passing constable." [Id.] Nicholas Utechin, supra, note 22, also takes issue with the tree theory and argues that the Colonel shot Adair while standing on the pavement on the Hyde Park side of Park Lane. (p. 246)
97. The reference is to "Mrs. Turner" in the manuscript, corrected. Because there are earlier references to "Mrs. Hudson" in this adventure, this strongly supports the conclusion that Mrs. Turner worked for Mrs. Hudson. See SCAN for a detailed discussion of the Hudson-Turner connection.
98. Bigelow defines a "deal-topped table" as a table, "the surface of which is composed of pieces of sawn fir or pine wood between seven and nine inches broad, six feet long and not over three inches thick." (p. 15). D. A. Redmond, in "Some Chemical Problems in the Canon," expands this as it applies to Holmes's laboratory table: "Critics have suggested that a plain softwood table, or bench, would be unsuited for chemical use, and soon pitted by the Master's experiments.... [But t]he description 'acid-stained' has been misinterpreted. A standard method of acid-proofing wooden laboratory bench tops is to coat them successively with potassium nitrate solution and with boiling aniline and hydrochloric acid. This spectacular process produces a dense black stain. Here is our 'acid-stained deal-topped table'--a properly finished laboratory bench." (p. 147-48)
99. "Preserved" in the Strand Magazine.
100. The question of how exactly Mrs. Hudson turned the bust is contemplated in "Kathrin Jaeck's "Turn Around, Turn Around."
101. Percival Wilde, in his novel Design for Murder, expresses, through several characters, the criticisms that a bullet fired from the ground floor of a house on one side of the street into the second story of a house across a street the width of Baker Street cannnot (1) penetrate both the shadow and the bust of Sherlock Holmes which is casting it, because the bust must be at some distance from its shadow; or (2) if it strikes both shadow and bust, it should strike the lamp which is in a straight line with them; and (3) in either event, because of the required elevation of the gun's muzzle, it must strike the ceiling and not the far wall of the room. (p. 26-30)
Robert S. Schultz, however, writing in "The Ballistics of the Empty House," attempts to refute each of these points:
(1) The gun, shadow, bust, and lamp need not have been in a straight line. "Needless to say, all this talk about straight lines is misleading; one would think it was well known that the path of a bullet is a parabola, not a straight line." (This refutation is not well-developed, however, and the parabolic distortion cannot have been significant over these short distances.)
(2) "[T]he distance of the bust from the window cannot have been great: in Watson's words, the shadow 'was thrown in hard, black outline upon the luminous screen of the window.' Consideration of the most elementary laws of optics shows that, had the bust been at any distance from the window, and particularly, had it been closer to the lamp than to the window, the shadow would have been large and fuzzy, with features indistinct... . The present writer concludes that the bust could not have been much more than one foot from the window."
(3) After an elaborate analysis of the heights and distances involved, Schultz concludes that only if the sitting room were of "palatial" dimensions could the bullet have failed to strike the wall. (p.374-79).
To the second of these points, Wilde replies (in "The Bust in the Window," supra, note 95): "With a large light source there would have been both umbra and penumbra, and the shadow would have been indistinct; with a point-source such as the lamp we know so well, there was no penumbra, and the shadow was sharp for all positions of the bust." To the third, he argues that Schultz miscalculates the height of the room and that "[t]he height of the shadow above the muzzle of the gun was far more than [Mr. Schultz] admits, and while I rule that [Wilde's character] Mary Ashton was liberal when she referred to 'thirty degrees,' I decline to find that the angle was so small that it was inconsequential."
This editor's experiments with light sources confirm Schultz's point that, even with a brilliant lamp, the bust must have been close to the shade to produce a shadow the approximate size of the bust (and note that there is no suggestion that the bust was considerably smaller than life-size, which would be required to produce a life-size shadow if it were not close to the shade. However, personal experiments will confirm that while the distance from the lamp to the bust may affect the degree of "sharpness" of the shadow, it will not affect the size; only the distance of the bust from the shade affects that. Thus, in a darkened room, a very bright lamp some distance from the bust could produce a shadow with a "hard, black outline," and no lamp-smashing would occur with only the slightest elevation of the gun muzzle.
Furthermore, both commentators fail to recognise that the critical distance in the equation is not the height of the room but the distance across Baker Street, which Schultz states to be approximately 66 feet, a distance which Wilde does not challenge. While present-day scholars may question the certainty expressed by Wilde and Schultz respecting the identification of particular buildings as Camden House and 221 Baker Street, the distance at other locations on Baker Street cannot have been significantly less.
A diagram [attached] indicates this editor's understanding and the absurdity of Wilde's position. One does not even need to resort to trigonometry to do the relevant computations, only to use the basic rule that triangles with angles which are equal have sides which are proportional in length. If we accept that the distance from Moran's gun to a bust placed about 1 foot from the window is 67 feet and that the height of the bust above Moran's shoulder is 10.5 feet (allowing a 5.5-foot high shoulder, 4.5 foot distance from the floor of 221B to the top of the bust, and an 11.5 foot distance from ground to the floor of 221B, roughly Schultz's assumptions), we have a triangular ratio of 10.5/67 (see diagram). Two additional triangles must be considered: (a) the length of the suite in Baker Street and the striking place of the bullet on the wall and (b) the distance of the lamp from the bust and the path of the bullet (and, concomitantly, whether the lamp is in the bullet's path).
If the wall of the suite were 14 feet from the bust (not an unusual length for a room), the height of the bullet's striking place must be x/14 = 10.5/67, or about 2.2. That is, the bullet must have struck the wall about 2' 3" higher than the top of the bust--an acceptable result. If the room is elongated to 20 feet, the height of the striking place is x/19 = 10.5/67, or about 3 feet above the top of the bust. Surely the ceiling was higher than 7.5 feet! Even assuming that the height of the bust above Moran's shoulder were much greater--say, 15 feet--similar results are achieved. For a 15-foot suite, the formula is x/14 = 15/67, or 3.14 feet, again producing a 7.5 foot ceiling. It is obvious that the great distance across Baker Street produces these results.
As to the lamp-smashing, if one assumes that the lamp were no more than one foot from the bust, then the formula x/1 =10.5/67, produces the information the bullet would rise 0.15 feet, or about 2" in that one-foot trip, enough to miss a carefully-positioned lamp if the bullet struck the top of the bust. The farther back from the bust the lamp is placed, the more clearance there is between the path of the bullet and the lamp. Therefore, so long as the lamp did not extend above the top of the bust, no smashing need be imagined.
102. In TWIS, Holmes enrobes in a blue dressing-gown; in BLUE, Holmes wears a purple dressing gown; in EMPT and BRUC, he sports a "mouse-coloured" gown. Did Holmes own three dressing gowns or one? In "Was Sherlock Holmes an American?," Christopher Morley addresses this crucial issue: "Elementary. This particular gown was blue when new.... It had gone purple by the time of the Blue Carbuncle. During the long absence 1891-1894, when Mrs. Hudson faithfully aired and sunned it in the backyard, it faded to mouse." At 8, fn. 12. This theory is poetically supported by Dean W. Dickensheet in "On A Polychromatic Paradox," who adds the London fog as a discoloring agent.
Morley expands on the style of dressing-gown: "It has long been on my mind to mention the fact that our beloved Freddie Steele...misled us in the matter of [Holmes's dressing-gown]. Probably he himself took the notion from William Gillette, who wore as Sherlock one of those robes with satin cuffs and long satin lapels (perhaps even padded or quilted with a kind of diagonal stitch). Bathrobes of this type are definitely American; I don't believe they have ever been seen in Britain. I think it not unlikely that smoking jackets with silk cuffs and lapels might be possible among certain parvenu milieux: perhaps C. A. Milverton's jacket was of that sort; but then he undoubtedly called his sanctum a 'snuggery'--one could sink no lower. The dressing gown with ultra lapels and deep satin cuffs--and even frogs instead of buttons --is surely the Jno Wanamaker or Gimbel Bros. or R. H. Macy idea of what a genteel dressing-gown should be, or possibly even the Galeries Lafayette?? I'm sure Holmes's gown was not like that. It was of substantial wool or wool-flannelette, severely cut, with plenty of pockets, and large horn buttons. Rather than a twisted cord-girdle it was tied round with a strip of the same material. To be certain on these points one would need to look up an illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy Stores, or Gamage's, in London of the '90's." See fn. 6 to Humfrey Michell's "Sartorial Sherlock Holmes."
However, S. B. Blake, in "Sherlock Holmes's Dressing Gown(s)," suggests that Holmes had two gowns, one blue, one purple, that were burned in the fire set by Moriarty's minions in April, 1891, and that Holmes acquired a third gown in Italy which he took with him during his travels in Tibet and elsewhere.
103. "It is interesting to note," comments Dakin, "that Watson has employed the same literary device about the colonel in The Empty House as he did with the professor in The Final Problem, since he says in answer to Holmes's inquiry here...that he had not heard his name, whereas in The Valley of Fear he recorded Holmes's remark about his employment by Moriarty." (p. 161)
104. Note that Moriarty's Christian name is not disclosed in FINA, and that his brother, whose accounts of Moriarty's death have slandered Holmes and which Watson seeks there to belie, is named "Colonel James Moriarty." McQueen argues that there was no such brother, rather that Moran, "must have returned to London [after the Reichenbach incident] to see about re-forming the gang. As chief of staff it would have been his task to take command of the villains as the new Moriarty. To assist in ensuring his authority as leader he assumed the name of his later brother-outlaw as a sort of professional pseudonym.... Watson may have misunderstood the position, but 'brother,' in the context of the letters [to the press from Colonel James Moriarty], denotes not necessarily a blood relationship but only the bond of close association..." (p. 206-07)
105. The phrase "of smoke" has been added in the English edition.
106. Dr. Charles Goodman has provided the public with a letter of one Charles S. Wilson, D.D.S., who claims to have been Holmes's dentist. Dr. Wilson reports treating Holmes for profuse bleeding from the lips, from lacerations on the inner side of the left lip as well as from an empty canine socket. "Of course, we in the dental profession know that under normal conditions his canine tooth could never have been easily 'knocked out.' Even the dental surgeon, equipped with specially devised forceps, must exert unusual leverage and force to remove that type of tooth. I am advised by one of my colleagues, who is also an official examiner of the Royal Boxing Commission, that in all his wide experience he never saw a normal canine knocked out in a boxing match. Therefore I am sure that ... Holmes had pyorrhea..." "The Dental Holmes" (p. 89) Jay Weiss, D.M.D., in "Holmes As a Patient," echoes this view. (p. 96)
Rudolph Elie, in "The Battle of Charing Cross," also comments on the extraordinary strength of the canine tooth. He identifies the Mathews incident as a riot reported in the Times of January 3, 1879, which took place on the night of November 12, 1878, and in which one Thomas Mathews was arrested. Detective James Hand, who helped break up the riot, attributed the saving of his life to the "'fortunate interposition of [an unidentified person].'" Elie names Holmes as the unidentified person, traces Holmes's cocaine addiction to sedation used in repairing the injury, and further identifies Mathews as Moriarty!
Rick Lai, in "Mathews Unmasked," concludes that Holmes encountered Victor Matthews, a master criminal ultimately defeated by Captain Hugh "Bulldog" Drummond in H. C. "Sapper" McNeile's report entitled Temple Tower, published in 1929. (Lai does not note, but we should, that "Bulldog" Drummond was Holmes's cousin--see "A Case of A Case of Identity Recased, or The Gray Eyes Have It," Addendum 2 to Philip José Farmer's Tarzan Alive.
William Hyder, in "The Root of the Matter," points out (with tongue in teeth?) that Holmes never states that Mathews knocked out Holmes's tooth and identifies the "left canine" as old Sherman's hound Toby (SIGN).
107. Green observes, "[F]rom the order of the entries it would appear that Holmes was reading up the page." (p. 336, fn. 22)
108. "Bangalore" is a city and capital (since 1830) of Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, in southern India. Notwithstanding Watson's efforts to disguise the regiment, the American editions refer to the Pioneers as the Bangalore Pioneers.
109. Crighton Sellars, in "Dr. Watson and the British Army," writes: "Of course there is no Bangalore Pioneer Regiment, but there was a very famous Corps in the Indian Army called The Corps of Madras Sappers and Miners (The Queen's Own), which consisted of two separate bodies, the Engineers and the Pioneers, whose history, dating from the capture of Seringapatam, closely parallels Moran's service during his time with it. Bangalore, near the eastern boundary of Mysore, is just next to the district of Madras, and this may account for the association of the districts in Watson's mind when he came to paraphrasing the name of the real regiment to which his knave belonged. The Madras Pioneers served in the Afghan Campaign, Sherpur and Cabul, and had detachments in the Jowaki Campaign; also at Charasiah [which Watson records as Charasiab]." (p. 339-40)
However, in "The Colonel Was No Pioneer," John M. Linsenmeyer, with the assistance of Philip Mason, raises serious question about this identification, as unlikely for a man of Moran's character, and suggests instead the regiment known as Probyn's Horse, from which he was expelled for card-sharping (and perhaps alcoholism--see note 63, supra).
110. C.B. stands for "Companion of the Bath." "The 'most honourable' Order of the Bath was established by George I in 1725, to consist of the sovereign, a grand master, and thirty-six knights companions. This was a pretended revival of an order supposed to have been created by Henry IV, at his coronation in 1399.... Knights of the Bath, although they were allowed precedence before knights bachelors, were merely knights bachelors who were knighted with more elaborate ceremonies than others and on certain great occasions.... n 1847 the constitution of the order was remodeled. Exclusive of the sovereign, royal princes, and distinguished foreigners, it is limited to fifty military and twenty-five civil knight grand crosses, one hundred and twenty-three military and eighty civil knights commanders, and six hundred and ninety military and two hundred and fifty civil companions." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XIV, p. 124)
111. Eton College is located in Eton, Buckinghamshire, on the left bank of the Thames, 21 miles W.S.W. of London. Founded by Henry VI in 1441, it was originally intended for boys of English birth, between the ages of eight and sixteen years; in 1872, this was amended to allow all British subjects, between 12 and 15, to compete for scholarships. "Among the celebrated men educated at Eton may be mentioned Sir Robert Walpole, Harley earl of Oxford, Lord Bolingbroke, Earl Camden, the famous earl of Chatham, the Hon. Robert Boyle, Lord Lyttelton, Gray, Shelley, Horace Walpole, West, Waller, Fox, Canning, the marquis of Wellesley, Hallam the historian, the duke of Wellington, Dean Milman, and the earl of Derby." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. VIII, p. 632).
112. Morley observes, "It has often been noticed that this education can produce notable results. In Holmes's experience both 'the second most dangerous man in London' and 'the fourth smartest man in London' had studied at Eton and Oxford. See 'The Red-Headed League.' It must be borne in mind that Holmes was a Cambridge man and might perhaps be prejudiced. Somewhat different examples of Eton and Oxford education are the British Foreign Minister Mr. Anthony Eden, and Monsignor Ronald Arbuthnott Knox, Catholic chaplain of Oxford University, who started the whole trend of modern Sherlock Holmes criticism...." (p. 307, fn. 3)
113. The Jowaki Afridis are a Pashtun tribe inhabiting the hill country from the eastern spurs of the Safid Range to northern Pakistan. The Afridis, whose territory straddles the Khyber Pass, are of uncertain origin. British encounters with the Afridis began during the first Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42), notably when General George Pollock fought against them during his march to Kabul (Cabul). After the British annexation of the Punjab in 1849, various methods were tried to keep the Khyber Pass open, including allowances, punitive expeditions such as those of 1878 and 1879 against the Kohat and Khyber Afridis, and the use of tribal militia (the Khyber Rifles). In 1893 the Afridis of the Khyber region came under control by the Durand Line, which divided the tribal region between Afghanistan and British India. The "Jowaki Campaign" was a term for two separate British military expeditions against the Jowaki Afridis, mounted, in 1877 and 1877-78, in retaliation for raids into British territory. The first was commanded by Colonel Mocatta, commanding officer of the 3rd Sikh Infantry. 1,750 British troops participated in this expedition, of which 1 was killed and 10 wounded. The second of these was an invasion in force, consisting of 7,400 troops commanded by Brigadier Generals C. P. Keyes and C. C. G. Ross. With the loss of 11 men (1 officer) and 50 men wounded, the Jowakis surrendered.
Among the troops was Major George Stewart, who eventually rose to Major General and served, as did Colonel Moran, in the Second Afghan War, commanding the Guides Cavalry from 1878-80. Apparently well-known to Moran, Stewart was present at the capture of Ali Musjid and the engagements around Cabul in December 1879 and at Charasia (where he was mentioned in despatches and promoted to Lt. Colonel). Hart's Annual Army List (1891) (p. 610, 655)
114. "[Sherpur] is a fortified plain outside Cabul, the scene of a British victory in the Second Afghan War. The British were encamped within the walls of Sherpur while they awaited reinforcements. The engagement occurred on 23 December 1879 when the Afghans came out to do battle and were driven back inside the city. The assault upon Cabul followed some days later." Sherlockiana (p. 330)
115. Rick Lai, in "Flashman and Colonel Moran," notes that Brigadier General Sir Harry Flashman, whose career is recounted in Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days (1857) and the memoirs edited by George MacDonald Fraser into the form of novels, recalls "the jolly little jaunt I had with Colonel Sebastian Moran in the ammunition cart after Isandhlwana, with the Udloko Zulus on our tail..." (Fraser, George MacDonald. Flashman's Lady (1978)). Thus it appears that Moran was part of the British force which invaded Zululand in January 1879.
116. Colonel Alexander A. A. Kinloch is the author of Large Game Shooting in Thibet, The Himalayas and Northern India (London: Harrison (1876), a second edition of which was published from Calcutta by Thacker, Spink and Co. in 1885. The coincidence seems too unlikely.
117. Conduit Street runs between Regent Street and Bond Street.
118. Not surprisingly, Ralph Nevill's London Clubs: Their History and Treasures does not list any of these clubs. However, the "East India United Service Club" was located in St. James's Square. Founded in 1849, "[t]he East India United is of course an essentially Anglo-Indian club, and many distinguished officials--civil as well as military--have been members. A number of pictures and prints are in this clubhouse, most of the portraits of famous Anglo-Indians being copies of originals in the India Office, National Portrait Gallery, and elsewhere." p. 254-55) Did it house a portrait of our Colonel's remarkable face?
119. In FIVE, we learn that Holmes saved Major Prendergast in the "Tankerville Club Scandal." The scandal, and others of the late Victorian era, are explored in Alan C. Olding's "'The Smith-Mortimer Succession Case,' 'The Tankerville Club Scandal,' 'The Famous Card Scandal of the Nonpareil Club.'" Michael Harrison, in his book The World of Sherlock Holmes, details Holmes's involvement in another club scandal which took place in late 1890, known as the Tranby Croft affair. The scandal involved, among others, the Prince of Wales. (p. 159-62) In "Rummaging Through the Empty House," William R. Cochran also suggests that Holmes was involved in the Tranby Croft affair--and that Moran was as well.
120. In FINA, Holmes called Moriarty "the most dangerous and capable criminal in Europe."
121. Charles A. Meyer, in an excellent study of Moran's career entitled "The Second Most Dangerous Man in London," suggests that such a scandal could only involve cowardice, cheating at cards, or sex. His tiger-hunting belies the first, and his subsequent club memberships are unlikely if the second were true. Therefore, a sex scandal--likely involving the natives, for again a scandal involving English persons would likely bar him from club memberships--seems indicated. Meyer's article goes on to trace Moran's connection to Moriarty and their involvement in the "Jack the Ripper" killings (actually, a search for "Fred Porlock"--see VALL) and ultimately explains his escaping the gallows by virtue of his royal associations and inside information regarding the Ripper killings.
122. In "The Wicked Colonel's Canadian Connection," Mark Alberstat argues that Moran fled from India to Halfix, Nova Scotia, and assumed the identity of Colonel Spence Munro before being recruited by Moriarty.
123. Nicholas Utechin, in his detailed study entitled "The Colonel of the Matter: The Early Career of Colonel Sebastian Moran," suggests that the young Sebastian Moran used Professor Moriarty as his Army coach (see FINA) to gain his commission and that Moriarty followed young Moran's career and later "sought him out."
124. A town in Berwickshire, Scotland. The population is given by Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) as 1,046. Baedeker's Great Britain: Handbook for Travellers {hereinafter "Great Britain") recounts that Lauder is "where Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, surnamed 'Bell the Cat,' seized and hanged Cochrane, favourite of James III (1482)." (p.460)
125. S. Tupper Bigelow, supra, note 84, contradicts Holmes: "Now it must be remembered that ballistics, while a branch of applied physics dealing with the motion of projectiles and conditions governing that motion, is popularly believed to be the study of firearms and projectiles fired from them with the object of identifying projectiles that were fired from the same firearm. Using the word in this sense, then, it is useful to know that ballistics was unknown at Scotland Yard, and for that matter, in any police department in the world, in 1895; the police became aware of its possibilities no earlier than 1909. By 1910 all the modern police forces [in North America] were using it in their investigation of crimes committed with the aid of firearms. So when Holmes said, 'The bullets alone are enough to put his head in a noose,' he was anticipating the part ballistics has played in the investigation of crime by about 15 years, or else he thought that two look-alikes are ineluctably damning." (p.267, fn. 7)
126. Weller remarks, "During his visit to Khartoum, Holmes may have heard how General Gordon deliberately used to silhouette himself against a powerful lamp in the window of his room each night during the siege of Khartoum, to demonstrate his invulnerability to the fire of the Mahdi's snipers." (p. 52, fn. 184)
127. Some have doubted whether this was in fact Moran's motive. For example, in "The Adventure of the Empty Boast, or What Was the Real Motive for the Murder of Ronald Adair?," Leonard Cochran, O.P., suggests that Moran killed Adair solely to lure Holmes back to London.
128. In ILLU (1902, according to every major chronology--see "The Date Being--?" (p. 25)), Holmes refers to "the living Sebastian Moran"; in LAST (1914, id.), Holmes implies that Moran was still alive, by saying: "The old sweet song. It was a favourite ditty of the late lamented Professor Moriarty. Colonel Sebastian Moran has also been known to warble it." Norman J. VanValkenburgh, supra, note 89, traces Moran to Jamestown, New York, in 1901.
How did Moran escape the predicted gallows? S. Tupper Bigelow, supra, note 84, points out that "[t]here was no eye-witness of the Adair murder, so all the evidence against Col. Moran must necessarily have been circumstantial....[The] sheet of paper with figures and the names of some of Adair's club friends written on it merely indicated, as Dr. Watson suggested, that Adair was endeavouring to make out his winnings and losses at cards. Who was there to say what else, if anything, it meant?...There could have been no evidence that Col. Moran had tried to kill Sherlock Holmes...for the simple reason that evidence of similar acts [that is, firing at a dummy rather than a real person] is inadmissable according to British law.... So the overwhelmingly strong case against Moran boils down to this: Adair was killed; the expanding revolver bullet that killed him was similar to one that was shot from Moran's air-gun; therefore Moran killed Adair." (p. 266-67, fn. 7)
129. "The air-gun, unfortunately, disappeared from the Black Museum collection," reports Weller (p. 52, fn. 191).
130. The student should consult as well the notes to FINA, in Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Edited and annotated by Leslie S. Klinger. Indianapolis, IN: Gasogene Books (1999).
131. A refutation by Claesg?ran L?gfren and reply by Dr. Ernstson appear in Recip Reflex, No. 5 (1972) and are reprinted in Swedish in Baker Street Cab Lantern, No. 10 (1972), 9-12.
132. Summarized by Ronald B. DeWaal, in The Universal Sherlock Holmes [hereinafter "DeWaal"] (p. II-357-58).
133. For further information, see "The Date Being--?" (p. 50-51)
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| 『ellry』于2002-5-3 11:44:00发表评论： |
1. ? All original material copyright 2000 Leslie S. Klinger.
2. "British conventions in regard to titles of honour are sometimes puzzling to the American reader," writes Christopher Morley in Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson: A Textbook of Friendship [hereinafter "Morley"]. "The etiquette of the subject is too complex for a brief note, but a few points can be mentioned. Young Ronald Adair has the courtesy prefix The Honourable because he is the child of a 'peer' (viz., a nobleman; there are five degrees of nobility: duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron). Similarly his sister Hilda would be known as The Honourable Hilda Adair. The prefix Honourable is also given by courtesy to judges of the higher courts and some government officials, as is also done, though more casually, in the U.S. This attribution of honour is not acquired by marriage: if Ronald had married Miss Woodley they would have been announced by the butler as The Honourable Ronald Adair and Mrs. Adair. The most frequent error made by those unfamiliar with these traditional labels is to use the title of honour as a substitute for Mister. When Dr. Doyle was knighted and became Sir Arthur Conan Doyle it would be wrong to refer to him as 'Sir Doyle,' just as you would never call Sir Walter Scott 'Sir Scott.' Sir Walter Scott, Bart., means Sir Walter Scott, Baronet; the Baronet's title is hereditary and passes to his son. The order of simple knighthood, as in the case of Doyle, is personal and not hereditary. In these innocent old formalities are many entertaining distinctions. For instance the formal address for the Earl of Maynooth would be Right Honourable the Earl of Maynooth. His wife would be The Countess of Maynooth, but referred to informally as Lady Maynooth. Perhaps it was the complexity of all this that discouraged plain Miss Edith Woodley." (p. 283-84, fn. 2)
3. "Robert" in the original manuscript (corrected) and in the first English edition; the Strand Magazine and Collier's Weekly versions, as well as the American editions, use "Ronald."
4. EMPT was published in the Strand Magazine for October, 1903, and in Collier's Weekly in the issue of September 26, 1903. Philip Weller notes, in The Company Canon: The Adventure of the Empty House [hereinafter "Weller"], "This coincides with the date of Holmes's supposed retirement from active detective work." (p. 35, fn. 5)
5. The exact date is not stated. "One would have thought," remarks June Thomson, in her splendid biography Holmes and Watson, "that, even if [Watson] were not keeping a journal at the time, the day of his reunion with Holmes would have been etched in figures of fire in his memory." (p. 184)
6. "[C]alling on his patients," notes Morley. "We do not know whether Watson's practice had enabled him to keep his own carriage. Probably not. The fact that he kept thinking about the Adair case rather than his patients suggests his heart was not in his profession."
7. At that time, under the Australian Colonies Government Act, known formally as the Act for the Better Government of Her Majesty's Australian Colonies, adopted in August 1850, the self-governing colonies of Australia were New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, West Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania. At the end of 1893 (which seems to be the appropriate time-frame), the governors were as follows: Sir Robert William Duff (New South Wales); John Adrian Louis Hope, Earl of Hopetoun (Victoria); Algernon Hawkins Thomond Keith-Falconer, Earl of Kintore (South Australia); Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson (West Australia); General Sir Henry Wylie Norman (Queensland); and Jenico William Joseph Preston, Viscount Gormanston (Tasmania). Foster, S. G., ed. Australians: A Historical Library. It should be noted that the Earls of Hopetoun and Kintore are Scottish nobility, while the Viscount Gormanston is an ancient Irish title. "Maynooth" is a village in Kildare, Ireland, near Dublin.
8. Cataract is a disease of the eye, in which the lens becomes opaque and causes partial or total blindness. It is treated by different surgical operations, all of them consisting of removing the diseased lens from its position opposite the transparent cornea. Jennifer Chorley reports, in "Some Diggings Down Under," "I have a great-uncle, now in his 90's, still living in Melbourne, where he was practising medicine, in 1893-4. I am sure he would agree that a cataract operation could have been performed in Melbourne or Sydney. But Tasmania might not have had the facilities so perhaps the Countess had some justification for returning to England?" (p. 50)
9. "Park Lane is the fashionable street along the eastern side of Hyde Park. It was long famous for many distinguished mansions. Just behind Park Lane is the aristocratic quarter known as Mayfair; the American Embassy is near by, on Grosvenor Square." Morley (p. 288-89, fn. 1)
10. A "card-playing club, which ... admits no strangers, is the Baldwin, in Pall Mall East, which opens at two o'clock in the afternoon. The stakes here are very small," records Ralph Nevill in London Clubs, Their History and Treasures.
11. According to William S. Baring-Gould, in The Annotated Sherlock Holmes [hereinafter "Baring-Gould"], "[t]he Cavendish Club, on the north side of Piccadilly, between Down Street and Park Lane, was later taken over by the Cavalry Club." (vol. II, p. 330, fn. 7) Richard Lancelyn Green, editor of The Return of Sherlock Holmes [hereinafter "Green"], writes, "[T]he Cavendish Club was at 307 Regent Street in the 1880's, then near Oxford Street, and afterwards on the north side of Piccadilly..." (p. 330, fn. 4)
12. "[About 1891], there was a slight epidemic of the gaming fever in the West End of London, and quite a number of so-called 'clubs,' the only object of which was high play, were started, mostly by shrewd veterans of the sporting world... Such clubs were in reality little but miniature casinos, and the main, if not the sole, qualification for membership lay in being possessed of ample funds and a tendency to part with them easily. The chief of these institutions were situated off Piccadilly and St. James's Street, about which the spirit of that reckless speculation which raged in this neighbourhood so fiercely in the eighteenth century has always had a tendency to linger. [Among them were] the Park Club...[and] the Field Club....The clubs just mentioned, it should be added, were quite different from the gaming clubs of the past, the members being rich men well able to take care of themselves, and the only reason for their cessation was that, as the membership was in every case very limited, they got tired of playing at the game of dog eat dog." Nevill, supra, note 10 (p. 186-87).
13. Whist was the forerunner of modern contract bridge. "Prior to 1700," write Alfred H. Morehead, Richard L. Frey, and Geoffrey Mott-Smith, in The New Complete Hoyle, "Whist was not a fashionable game. But this early part of the eighteenth century saw a noteworthy rise in rational thinking throughout England, and even the gambling element among educated men turned from the previous games to the more scientific game of Whist. In London coffee houses, where such men assembled to talk and play, groups of gentlemen took up Whist as a subject of serious study. One of these men was Edmond Hoyle." At 117. Not until 1894 was Bridge (so named) introduced to London. "Bridge was an unprecedentedly rapid success; while Whist remained the serious tournament game, before 1900 Bridge had supplanted it as the standard club game and as the party game in fashionable circles." Id. Other players mentioned in the Canon are the Tregennises (DEVI) and Mr. Merryweather ( REDH). (See Klinger, Leslie S., and Bourke, Timothy, "What Game Was Afoot in The Red-Headed League?")
14. Ian McQueen, in Sherlock Holmes Detected: The Problems of the Long Stories [hereinafter "McQueen"], identifies "Lord Balmoral" as the Prince of Wales and contends that his involvement with Moran was the reason why "a good deal was suppressed [in the police investigation]..." and why, even though "the case for the prosecution was so overwhelmingly strong that it was not necessary to bring forward all the facts," Colonel Moran was not convicted. (p. 210-12) Weller comes to a similar conclusion: "Queen Victoria sometimes used the alias of 'The Duchess of Balmoral' when travelling incognito, and Lord Balmoral may thus be another concealed reference to the Prince of Wales's involvement in the great Baccarat scandal." (p. 37, fn. 26)
15. That is, the third floor in America.
16. In the manuscript, this is a "bullet of an expanding character"; in Collier's Weekly and American editions, an "expanded revolver bullet." Soft-nosed "dumdum" bullets were first made in the town of Dum Dum, a suburb of Calcutta, founded in 1783. It was the headquarters of the Bengal artillery until 1853 and has an ammunition factory in which the dumdum expanding bullet was first made. The town's name was derived from the Persian word damdama, which refers to a raised mound or battery.
17. Thomas L. Stix, writing in "A Little Dirt on The Empty House," asks: "What is [Adair] doing with ?7 10s., when the amount was ?20? Why should he have the banknotes on the table? He could write, he could play cards, he could do simple arithmetic. No, we must look for a deeper, more pregnant explanation." (p. 95)
18. John Hall, in Sidelights on Holmes [hereinafter "Sidelights"] suggests that Moran did just that but conveniently ignores Watson's statement respecting the undisturbed crocus beds and grass. (p. 122)
19. Gavin Brend points out in My Dear Holmes [hereinafter "Brend"], "The crocus is hardly likely to be blooming [in England] at the end of March, and it would seem that January 30th would be a more appropriate date." (p. 129) Baring-Gould comments, "Watson evidently confused crocuses with another flower..." (vol. II, p. 331, fn. 11), but as Lionel Needleman writes, "No doubt Watson could have confused crocuses with another flower, but we have no reason to question his identification in this case." He continues, in "A Practical Handbook of Canonical Gardens," "It is not at all improbable that crocuses were blooming at the end of March in Park Lane; they were certainly flowering in Rider Haggard's garden on March 30, 1903, as he noted in his gardening diary ([H. R. Haggard, A Gardener's Year. London: Longmans, Green (1903)] p. 123). Crocuses can, in fact, be seen flowering in the open in England from late August to early April, and one of the most commonly planted groups, the large Dutch hybrids, are usually in bloom at the end of March..." (p. 5)
20. "He" in American editions.
21. "[A] lazy vagabond. Generally considered an Americanism, Loper, or Loafer, however, was in general use as a Cant term in the early part of the [18th] century. Landloper was a vagabond who begged in the attire of a sailor; and the sea phrase, Land-Lubber was doubtless synonymous.--See the Times, 3d November 1859, for a reference to Loafer." John Camden Hotten's The Slang Dictionary; or The Vulgar Words, Street Phrases, and "Fast" Expressions of High and Low Society [hereinafter "Slang Dictionary"] (p. 172) "Loafers were a common feature in the Victorian age, often to be seen collecting on street corners and outside public houses," states Kelvin I. Jones, in A Sherlock Holmes Dictionary [hereinafter "Jones"] (p. 82).
22. Susan Dahlinger, in "The Adventures of a Hated Rival," suggests that this is Barker, Holmes's "hated rival upon the Surrey shore," described in RETI as "[a] tall, dark, heavily-moustached man...with grey-tinted sun-glasses." D. Martin Dakin, in A Sherlock Holmes Commentary [hereinafter "Dakin"] concurs. (p. 155) However, in "The Tree That Wasn't," Nicholas Utechin makes the original observation that Holmes tells Watson that "[he] was in danger at the time" and proposes that the man is Colonel James Moriarty.
23. Patrick E. Drazen, in "Who Was That Private Detective I Saw You With?," places himself in the "Barker" camp regarding the identity of the man (see note 22, supra) and observes that notwithstanding Watson's dismissal of the man's observations as "absurd," Holmes had carefully positioned himself to listen to the man.
24. Madeleine B. Stern states (in Sherlock Holmes: Rare Book Collector [hereinafter "Stern"]) that "... we may safely assume that what [Watson] called The Origin of Tree Worship was actually Der Baumkultus, written by B渢ticher in 1856, a title to which Watson, for the sake of his English public, translated a bit too freely." (p. 7)
S. Tupper Bigelow disagrees, in "Those Five Volumes": "Oddly enough, there is not a book ever written in the English language called The Origin of Tree Worship. About the closest we can get to it is Tree and Serpent Worship, James Ferguson, London, 1873, and The Sacred Tree in Religion and Myth, Philpot, London, 1897. The latter can be ruled out at once, of course, as it was published after 1894." (p. 34-35) But see also note 30, infra.
25. When and why Watson's practice moved to Kensington from Paddington is a matter of controversy, depending on the chronology followed. Baring-Gould takes the position that Watson married someone in 1886 and moved from Baker Street to Paddington. He returned to Baker Street in early 1887, presumably upon the death of his first wife, and purchased the Paddington practice mentioned in REDH (which Baring-Gould, alone among chronologists, dates in 1887). After the death of Mary Morstan, Watson moved back to Kensington, where he had had a quieter practice, to take up writing.
S. C. Roberts, in Doctor Watson, places Watson in Kensington for the first time after the death of Mary Morstan. In doing so, he unfortunately ignores the plain statement in REDH (which Roberts places in 1890) that Watson "drove home to [his] house in Kensington." (p. 23-24) Dakin (p. 155) points out Roberts's error and concludes that Watson transferred his practice from Paddington to Kensington in 1890, the date assigned to REDH by every major chronologist except Baring-Gould. See generally Peck, Andrew Jay, and Klinger, Leslie S.,"The Date Being--?": A Compendium of Chronological Data [hereinafter "The Date Being--?"].
26. "I wonder," muses Dakin, if Watson had ever tried wedging over a dozen books under one arm? Even if they are quite slim ones, it is an almost impossible feat without spilling them. He must have meant half a dozen; Holmes mentions five immediately after." (p. 158)
27. Did Holmes select the books at random from a Church Street bookseller or were they his own? Stern points out that "[since Holmes had last seen Watson, he had extricated himself from the Reichenbach Fall and traveled for two years in Tibet. Upon his return to London, he had gone immediately to Baker Street, finding that his brother Mycroft had preserved his rooms and papers exactly as they had always been. It is clear, then, that Holmes had taken the four volumes in question from his own shelves rather than from those of a Church Street bookseller before assuming his disguise. The disguise itself is elucidating, however, for Holmes undoubtedly identified himself with the bookseller who had, at some time prior to 1894, supplied him not only with those volumes, but with several others. The dealer was none other than Alfred B. Clementson, who plied his trade at 73 Church Street, Kensington, W. (See London Post-Office Directory for 1890.)" (p. 6)
28. S. Tupper Bigelow, note 24, supra, points out that "quite clearly, Holmes indicated to Watson that his British Birds, Catullus and The Holy War would fill a five-volume gap so we must of necessity look for editions of these books that comprise five volumes." (p. 33)
29. Stern identifies this as "... not a minor nineteenth-century work, but the fine History of British Birds with the Bewick wood engravings printed in two volumes at Newcastle in 1797 and 1804." (p. 7)
Lisa McGaw suggests, in "Some Trifling Notes on Sherlock Holmes and Ornithology," "A perusal of Raymond Irwin's British Bird Books: An Index to British Ornithology, A.D. 1481 to A.D. 1948 (London: Grafton & Co., 1951) reveals no volume entitled simply British Birds prior to early 1894. There is, however, a six-volume work by Francis O. Morris entitled A History of British Birds (Groombridge, 1851-57) and bearing on its spine the label Morris's British Birds. Could that have been what Holmes was carrying? It seems likely, although it would have been nearly an armful in itself if he had all six volumes. To suggest that this work was obscure is misleading because, in its day, it was well known in its field. Three reissues of the first edition, four revised editions, and two cabinet editions attest to its popularity among persons interested in birds. Its 357 hand-colored plates, all rather good, greatly enhanced the work in an era when accurate bird drawings were rare, and that helped to counteract the fact that the information in the text was not too reliable. If this is the work referred to, Holmes undoubtedly possessed a first edition, which would have increased its value as a collector's item." (p. 233)
Bigelow, note 24, supra, contends: "An equally good guess would be Robert Mudie's The Feathered Tribes of the British Islands, lettered on its spine 'Mudie's British Birds,' the first edition of which appeared in London in 1853, and a fourth edition ... . similarly spine-lettered, in 1878... . Furthermore, Bewick's two volumes were spine-lettered 'History of British Birds,' so as between Bewick and Mudie, it would appear that Mudie has the slight advantage...oth books are in two volumes. What we must have, obviously, is a book on British birds in three volumes. We are bound, therefore, to discard Morris' History of British Birds, 1878, in six volumes; and A. Thorburn's British Birds, 1915, in one volume...We are not assisted, either, by the three-volume British Birds and Their Nests by Vesey B. Fitzgerald, London, 1953, nor the three-volume British Birds, Trees and Wild Flowers by Walter M. Gallichan, London, 1915. There seems, indeed, to be only one possible solution. William Yarrell's A History of British Birds was first published in London by John Van Voorst in 1843; a second edition appeared in 1845 and a third in 1846. Each edition was published in three volumes. On the spine of each volume of all editions is lettered 'Yarrell's British Birds.'" But see note 30, infra, regarding the two- vs. three-volume controversy.
McGaw, supra, also points out the existence of Claude W. Wyatt's British Birds: Being illustrations of all the species of passerine birds, both resident and migratory, also of Picarian birds, birds of prey and pigeons, with some notes in reference to their plumage. (p. 234) Published in two volumes, the first was issued in 1894, perhaps in time to be under Holmes's arm.
Green suggests History of British Birds (1883-85) by Henry Seebohm. (p. 331, fn. 7)
30. Stern continues her identification of the volumes with "the first Aldine Catullus: Catullus, Tibulius, Propertius, printed in italic letter by Aldus at Venice in 1502, with the title-page in the first state, reading Propetius for Propertius--a rare edition though, of course, not under the circumstances, an incunable." (p. 6-7)
Morley notes, "Mr. Norman Dodge of Goodspeed's Bookshop in Boston believes the Catullus was the one printed by the noted typographer John Baskerville (1706-1775)." (p.289, fn. 1)
Bliss Austin (in "Two Bibliographical Footnotes") argues that the "Catullus and The Origin of Tree Worship were one and the same book! It is a work by Grant Allen, entitled The Attis of Caius Valerius Catullus, Translated into English Verse, with Dissertations on the Myth of Attis, on the Origin of Tree-Worship,...and on the Galliambic Metre. It was published, in an edition limited to 550 copies, as Volume VI of the Bibliotheque de Carabas in London in 1892 by David Nutt." Austin suggests that when the book was dropped, it fell open and Watson saw the running title at the top of the page, rather than the title on the spine; when Holmes showed Watson his armful of books, it would be the title on the spine that Watson noticed, viz., Catullus. Because 94 of the 154 pages of the volume are devoted to The Origin of Tree Worship, the odds were better than 3 to 2 that the book would fall open to this section. Bigelow, note 24, supra, finds this argument sensible, logical and...ineluctable." (p. 35)
However, Stern destroys Austin's argument as entirely specious: "The running title of Grant Allen's work is nowhere The Origin of Tree Worship, but throughout simply The Attis. On page 31 only, in small type, there appears the phrase On the Origin of Tree-Worship. Hence the chances of the volume being opened to that phrase drop...to 1 to 153." (p. viii] Thus she stands by her choice of a two-volume British Birds and rejects Bigelow's three-volume suggestion.
31. Stern completes the quartet of titles with "... obviously a copy of the 1639 first edition of Thomas Fuller's History of the Holy Warre, and not one of the numerous reprints of that popular work on the Crusades." (p. 7)
Austin, note 30, supra, suggests "as a possible alternative John Bunyan's The Holy War, which bears the subtitle: 'Made by King Shaddai upon Diabolus for the Regaining of the Metropolis of the World; Or the Losing and Taking Again of the Town of Mansoul.' This, the second most famous of Bunyan's works, was first published in 1682 in a small octavo volume which was quite handsome by the standards of the day. It was, within a few years, translated into Dutch, German, Gaelic, Portugese and Turkish. The first edition would, I am certain, have been an item worthy of Holmes's attention." (p. 41)
Bigelow, note 24, supra, agrees: "The Holy War must surely have been some edition of Bunyan's famous work, first published in 1682. Sherlock Holmes's copy could scarcely have been a first edition, as there is no first edition of this work in the United States and the only [known] first edition...is in the British Museum...[N]o known edition ... was published in two volumes [although] there were no less than 44 editions of The Holy War published in England and the United States from 1682 to 1795 inclusive..." (p. 35-36)
David A. Randall argues, in "The Adventure of the Notorious Forger," that Holmes included The Holy War "out of all the millions [of volumes] he could have possessed" because his true reason for returning to England was to unmask Thomas James Wise, the great literary forger, and "he naturally had with him some volumes in which the forger also would be interested....[The William Pickering] edition of Fuller's Holy War [was] a vastly important clue in the unmasking of Wise." (p. 374) Stern points out that unmasking Wise meant comparing the Pickering edition to the original. "While Holmes may have owned both, he would scarcely have carried around with him on the street [the Pickering edition,] 'a vastly important clue.' I submit, therefore, that Fuller's Holy Warre in first edition was one volume in that armful of intriguing books..." (p. ix]
32. "It is true that the manner of Holmes's return was sufficiently melodramatic to accelerate the most sluggish pulse," S. C. Roberts writes in Doctor Watson, "but it is hardly enough to account for an old campaigner like Watson falling into a dead faint. Clearly, his constitution had not fully recovered from the ravages of recent grief and worry [caused by the final illness and subsequent death of Mary Morstan Watson]." (p. 24)
However, Walter P. Armstrong, Jr., in "The Truth About Sherlock Holmes" [hereinafter "Armstrong"], rejects the episode as fictional: "This was such an uncharacteristic act that it has led to the wildest conjectures. It is a weakness to which old soldiers are seldom addicted; but it is one which is all too apparent in the case of writers of fiction. A Watson who in real life had never fainted might easily in composing an imaginative account of an emotional scene which never happened depict Watson as fainting." (p. 398)
33. "Where did this brandy come from?" asks Armstrong. "Did Sherlock Holmes, as one of the properties in his character of an aged bibliophile, carry a hip flask? It does not seem likely. Nor can he, after a three years' absence, have known where the brandy in Watson's home was kept." (p. 398) Nor was this a home which Holmes would have known: Watson's "Kensington" home is not in Paddington (ENGR), nor does it back onto Mortimer Street (FINA).
Ernst Bloomfield Zeisler, however, in Baker Street Chronology: Commentaries on the Sacred Writings of Dr. John H. Watson [hereinafter "Zeisler"], argues that the flask was the Master's: "[S]urely [he] foresaw the possibility, if not the likelihood, that his faithful old friend might be so startled [by his reappearance] as to require resuscitation; he prepared himself for this by pocketing his brandy flask." (p. 62-63)
34. McQueen notes that it is a cigarette and not a pipe or cigar to which Holmes turns in this indelible moment, just as when he took the fateful walk to the Reichenbach Falls, he carried his cigarette case (and Watson made no mention of a pipe). (p. 33)
35. "This is hardly what would be expected of a man who has been wandering in unknown portions of Tibet and under the burning sun of the Egyptian Sudan," continues Armstrong. "But it is exactly what we would expect of a man who has been spending much time indoors and venturing out only in a heavy disguise....
36. "Where," asks Edgar W. Smith, in "The Old Shikari," "...was Colonel Moran after Dr. Watson had left for the inn and the two principal adversaries in the drama were about to come to grips? We know, from the events shortly following, that it was not in any spirit of fair play that Moran's hand was stayed before the struggle had begun: it could only have been because Moriarty's supreme confidence in his own physical prowess led him to order his confederate temporarily off the stage." (p. 31)
37. This is the first time we learn that Moriarty's eyes, like Holmes's (HOUN, inter alia), were grey. For the significance of the hereditary grey eyes, see "A Case of A Case of Identity Recased, or The Gray Eyes Have It," Addendum 2 to Philip José Farmer's Tarzan Alive, in which Farmer demonstrates that Holmes, Moriarty, and numerous other "super-heroes" and "super-villains" are related. See also note 105, infra.
38. Properly Bartitsu, the system of self-defense introduced from Japan into England by E. W. Barton-Wright, after whom the method is called, in 1899. While Moriarty's death predated the Barton-Wright system by eight years, Japanese techniques were known at the time, and publication of EMPT in 1903 followed shortly after the first notice of "Bartitsu" in Pearson's magazine for March and April 1899, resulting in Watson's commission of an anachronism in authoring the tale. In his article, "The Mystery of Baritsu: A Sidelight Upon Sherlock Holmes's Accomplishments," Ralph Judson explains his discovery that a Mr. E. W. Barton-Wright had published in Pearson's Magazine in the March and April 1899 issues, an article called "The New Art of Self-Defence." He "described therein a few of the three hundred methods of attack and counter-attack that comprise the New Art of Self-Defence, to which I have given the name of BARTITSU ..." (after Barton). "In giving the name Bartitsu to a number of selected methods of Ju-Jutsu [sic], adapted to European needs and costume, Mr. Barton-Wright followed a well-established precedent. Many of the exponents of this art in Japan founded their own schools and gave their own names to the methods they taught...s it possible that [Holmes] was a pupil of Barton-Wright and his Japanese partners? It is not...'Bartitsu' did not make its bow in England till 1899.... Dr. Watson must have read Mr. Barton-Wright's article in The Pearson's Magazine in 1899, got the word 'Bartitsu' stuck in his mind, and, in describing, in 1903, the return of his friend, inadvertently written 'Baritsu'(dropping a 't' in the Bartitsu) instead of Ju-Jutsu"--the system of Japanese wrestling by which Holmes actually overcame Professor Moriarty.
"It takes roughly seven years to become proficient in this art and reach instinctive actions and reactions to every kind of attack. It is likely, therefore," argues Judson, "that Sherlock Holmes started his training at least eight years previously, that is, around 1883-1884.... 'I slipped through his grip,' [states Holmes]. In one fast and smooth movement, dropping on one knee, he [must have] gripped with one hand Moriarty's heel, which was closer to the abyss, and lifting the heel and with it the foot, diagonally, away from himself, he [must have] pushed hard, at the same time, with his other hand, into the groin of the captured leg, applying terrific leverage. This caused Moriarty to lose completely his balance and gave him no time to clutch at his opponent." (p. 12, 14-16)
However, in their fascinating work Some Knowledge of Baritsu: An Investigation of the Japanese System of Wrestling Used by Mr. Sherlock Holmes, Hirayama Yuichi and John Hall conclude that the Master was not proficient in the art. "The balance of probability must be that Holmes used jujutsu [in his combat with Moriarty, not] sumo...[or] 'bujutsu'.... It seems certain that Holmes, despite his easy defeat of Moriarty at Reichenbach, did not possess a high degree of skill in jujutsu at any time in his career. This is indicated by his inability to cope with the two assailants in the middle of his career in The Reigate Puzzle [1887), and by his defeat at the hands of Gruner's hired villains towards the end of Holmes's career in The Illustrious Client.... [E]ither Holmes learned his skills from a less than masterly teacher, or...Holmes did study with a master, but for too short a time to learn the technique properly." (p. 37-38)
39. "The resultant print of [Holmes's] prone body in the moist earth should have betrayed his escape to the Swiss experts," Anthony Boucher points out in "Was the Later Holmes an Imposter?" [hereinafter "Imposter"], "but it is conceivable that Watson's similar print overlay his." (p. 65)
40. "The reasons given by Holmes...for his daring ascent of the rock-wall above the Reichenbach are unsatisfactory," T. S. Blakeney writes in Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction? [hereinafter "Blakeney"]. "If he were believed dead, he affirmed, his enemies in Moriarty's gang would drop their caution, commit indiscretions, and leave themselves open to his attack. But at the time he was excogitating these considerations, he was unaware that any of Moriarty's followers were at large! On the contrary, he had recently had a wire from the London police saying (not quite accurately, as events were to prove) that they had secured the whole organization. Holmes did not become aware of Colonel Moran's presence till after he had acted upon his idea, and his statement of his thoughts, as given by Watson, must have been coloured by wisdom after the event." (p. 83)
That one of the "three others" must have either been killed or imprisoned shortly after is the conclusion drawn by Philip Weller from Holmes's subsequent statement that "The course of events in London did not run so well as I had hoped, for the trial of the Moriarty gang left two of its most dangerous members, my own most vindictive enemies, at liberty." [Emphasis added]. See "Editor's Notes" to Uwe Sommerlad's "The Second Most Dangerous Man in London?" (p. 35) One of these must have been Moran.
41. American editions add the word "soon."
42. What does this mean? By its context, "some months later," although ambiguous, seems to refer to a short period of time after the incident at the Falls. FINA was not published in the Strand Magazine until December 1893. Is it reasonable to take "some months later" to mean the period from April 1891 to February or March of 1893, when Holmes could have read the published account? While Watson stated that "it was [his] intention to have stopped [with the events of NAVA] and to have said nothing of that event which has created a void in my life which the lapse of two years has done little to fill," did he write another "account" of the matter, perhaps for the benefit of brother Mycroft, which the latter forwarded on? See Antonio Iriarte's "Sherlock Holmes and The Strand Magazine" as well as this editor's letter to the New Baker Street Pillar Box and editor Philip Weller's response. Weller takes the position that "[t]his must have been 'some years later'..." (p. 40, fn. 65)
43. "We may pass over the absurd notion, which [Holmes] himself rejected, of creating false tracks by reversing his boots--a trick that is common enough practice among horsethieves, but is somewhat impractical here in view of the shape of the human foot," comments Anthony Boucher, in Imposter. "Moriarty, of course, might be suspected of having a cloven hoof, but hardly Holmes." (p. 67)
"If Holmes could, or ever did, put his shoes on backwards, volumes could be written on the physiology of his foot," Armstrong writes. "It would never have occurred to Holmes, the detective; but it did to Watson, the writer of fiction." (p. 400)
But Christopher Morley, in his "Clinical Notes by a Resident Patient," claims to have a letter from Stanley Hopkins refuting Armstrong: "'[W]hy is the idea "ridiculous" of putting shoes on backwards?...The whole point, missed by everyone, is that Mr. Holmes learned in his years in the U.S.A. to wear shoes, not boots. You can't easily put boots on backwards, the uppers crumple and hamper; but shoes (what you Americans so quaintly call oxfords, viz., low shoes) are easily reversed and can be walked in, with care, far enough to leave a misleading spoor. You trample down on the flanges of the shoe, and tie the laces over your ankle.'" (p. 140-41)
44. Watson's (and Holmes's) time references in FINA and EMPT are severely criticized by numerous scholars, especially Holmes's reference to "the darkening sky."
Anthony Boucher, in Imposter, lays out the case: "In The Final Problem, we have Watson's statement that the trip from Meiringen to the Reichenbach Fall takes two hours uphill and one hour down. Holmes and Watson leave Meiringen 'in the afternoon,' which cannot mean earlier than one o'clock; we shall see...that it must have been closer to two. They arrived at the Fall, then, at four; and Watson leaves, allowing for his awed inspection of the Fall and his conversation with the bearer of the false message, around four fifteen. His trip to Meiringen and back adds another three hours so that he discovers the tragedy at a quarter past seven.
"In the latitude of Meiringen (46 45' N.), the sun sets on May 4 at about seven ten, with slight variations for local standard time. When Watson leans over the brink, 'it had darkened since I left, and now I could only see here and there the glistening of moisture upon the black walls, and far away down at the end of the shaft the gleam of broken water.' Watson makes a careful study of the scene and of Holmes's note and leaves at about seven-thirty. It is probably quite dark by then; night comes quickly in high mountains.
"Now it is highly unlikely that 'experts,' who, as Watson informs us, examined the ground, were on call in 'the little village of Meiringen' on a May evening. But even granting the deutero-Holmes's assertion that this examination took place on the same day, the experts could not have reached the site in less than three hours after Watson left to summon them--in other words, at ten-thirty. It would take them at least half an hour to reach 'their inevitable and totally erroneous conclusions.' Holmes cannot have been left alone, then, before eleven o'clock, by which time he has been lying on the ledge for almost seven hours.
"It is therefore some time after eleven when Holmes recognises Colonel Sebastian Moran as the rock-throwing confederate. Conceivably Moran's 'thin, projecting nose' and 'high bald forehead' might have been recognizable in silhouette at night, but Holmes describes 'a man's head against the darkening sky.' In short, that sky had been darkening from seven fifteen until some minutes after eleven--a meteorological phenomena surely deserving some Holmesian contribution to the literature of the subject." (p. 65-67)
But Karl Baedeker's Switzerland and the Adjacent Portions of Italy, Savoy, and the Tyrol: Handbook for Travellers states that it is only ?hour to the lower falls from the Hotel Reichenbach in Meiringen and ?hour to the upper falls. (p. 162) This is noted by A. Carson Simpson, in Sherlock Holmes's Wanderjahre. Pt. I, Fanget An!: "[Watson] said it took him an hour to get down to Meiringen and, 'for all his efforts,' two more hours to get back to the Fall. Watson's error is quite understandable, however, under the circumstances; learning of Moriarty's deception when he reached Meiringen, his apprehensions were aroused and his anxiety made minutes seem like hours.... Actually, the good Doctor's trip downhill to Meiringen cannot have taken more than a half-hour at an ordinary pace, and we may be sure that, exerting 'all his efforts,' he got back up to the Fall in about the same length of time. After vainly seeking for Holmes, he would have walked or run down to Meiringen in some twenty minutes, to raise a search-party. A simple arithmetical calculation will demonstrate that the various trips to and fro could easily be made, with ample margins between trips, before sunset at 7:10 P.M." (p. 4-5)
Zeisler adds his timetable: "There is not the slightest indication that Watson made the upward journey three times. When Watson learned from Steiler that the letter had been a hoax he rushed back up to the Fall, and there is no reason at all to think that he made another trip down to fetch the police; indeed, we can be certain that he did not do this. Watson told Steiler that he suspected foul play, and Steiler surely fetched the police and sent them up after Watson without delay, so that they probably arrived at the Fall shortly after Watson. It took Watson two hours to rush up to the top, so that we may allow a longer time for the trip up by the Master and Watson, who did not rush. If we allow two and a half hours for the first trip up, then it was about five and a half hours from the time they left the hotel together until Watson returned to the Fall. If they left the hotel at 2 P.M.,...then Watson and the police would have made their investigations between 7:30 and 8:30 P.M. It is true that sunset was a few minutes past seven, but it is not true that it was dark at 8:30 P.M. Twilight at that season and place lasts a good two hours, so that it is not really dark until 9:00 P.M. or after." Thus, Zeisler concludes that Holmes's "darkening sky" comment refers to a moment at about 8:30 p.m., when the sky was not yet fully dark. (p. 58)
In his essay "The Later Holmes An Imposter: A Sequel," Jay Finley Christ argues directly with Boucher's contentions in Imposter. "Nowhere in The Final Problem or in The Empty House is there the slightest suggestion or basis for an assumption that Watson made three trips to the fall, nor that he brought experts 'later.' (45)
45. Christ, supra, points out that Baedeker's guide to Switzerland, supra, at p. 163, lists 14 guides who were available in Meiringen, presumably the "experts" referred to by Dr. Watson. " " "4:00 Holmes and Watson reach the fall....
"4:15 The messenger reaches the fall....
"4:20 Watson leaves the fall....
"4:45 Holmes struggles with Moriarty....
"5:20 Watson reaches the inn....
"5:25 Watson leaves the inn, running[, with guides following shortly thereafter]....
"7:25 Watson reaches the fall.
"7:30 ...[G]uides reach the fall.
"7:30 Sunset, moon about 30 degrees west of meridian.
"8:00 Party left the fall.
"8:15 Holmes saw head against darkening sky.
"8:30 Holmes descended from the cliff." (p. 25, 27-28)
46. While Moriarty may have brought Moran along as a "bodyguard," argues Noah André Trudeau, in "The Second Most Dangerous Man in London--Dangerous to Whom?," this was not Moran's purpose. Moran could see that Moriarty was about to "take a fall" through Holmes's efforts and wanted to be sure that Holmes in fact eliminated Moriarty, so that Moran could take over the organization. He shot Moriarty just as he was on the verge of the falls (hence Moriarty's "horrible scream"). This purpose also explains why Moran was situated atop the cliff, not at Moriarty's side. If, after firing one shot, Moran's gun jammed, the stone-slinging is also explained. Finally, the absence of Moriarty's body is explained by Moran's retrieval of it, to prevent the discovery of the bullet wound.
47. "In other words," Stanley McComas sums up in "Lhove at Lhassa," "Moran saw him alive, so Moran will believe he is dead. Every underworld character in London must have known Holmes was alive. Watson's acceptance of this incongruous tale can only be put down to his shock at seeing Holmes again." (p. 47)
Boucher, in Imposter, expresses a similar view: "Holmes's purported motive in going underground and allowing Watson to believe him dead was to trap the remaining Moriartists. But his own account makes nonsense of that motive; the one person, aside from Mycroft, who knew that he was certainly not dead, who had seen him alive after the destruction of Moriarty, was the new chief of the gang, Colonel Sebastian Moran." (p. 67)
48. Edgar W. Smith, supra, note 36, ponders: "[W]hy, when Moriarty had fallen to his death, and Holmes had scrambled up to the ledge again, did the best rifle shot in all India resort to hurling rocks at his intended victim? ...[W]e may be sure that it was not with a view to giving Holmes an even break. It is obvious that the plotters had forgotten to bring a suitable weapon with them, and that Moran found himself, in his extremity, reduced to only such expedients as nature could provide. There are those who have contended that this was not an oversight, but a matter of necessity, and that the pursuers went weaponless into battle because of the great difficulties, in those days, attendant upon importing fire-arms into law-abiding Switzerland. To them I say that the ingenuity which permitted a lethal air-gun to be disguised effectively as a walking-stick would not have boggled at the project of masking that same air-gun to even better advantage, in the guise of an alpenstock. No--both Moriarty and Moran were off their feed that day, and we, in common with Sherlock Holmes, must be ever grateful for it." (p. 31-32) In a similar vein, Dakin comments, "If, as we must conclude, [Moran] had accidentally left [his pistol] at home, he cannot have been so astute a criminal as Holmes, perhaps to flatter his own vanity, represented him." (p. 160)
49. "Like his explanation for feigning his own death [in DYIN], this sounds suspiciously like an attempt to excuse the inexcusable," comments June Thomson, in Holmes and Watson. "Although Holmes was prepared to admit he could be mistaken in some of his investigative deductions, he was not given to deep or critical self-examination and his first instinct when faced with the need to explain his own unacceptable behaviour was to look for something or someone else to blame, in this case, Watson's inability to dissemble. By doing this he could justify his conduct not only to Watson but also to himself. Holmes was probably unaware of this tendency of his. Certainly Watson, not given himself to subtle psychological inquiry and prone anyway to believe Holmes was usually right, accepted Holmes's explanation without question." (p. 181)
50. "Will this explanation hold water?" Armstrong asks. "I doubt it. In the first place, Holmes said he turned away in order that Watson should not recognize him and give the game away. And yet, hardly more than a few minutes later, he voluntarily came to Watson and revealed himself. True, he may have wished to avoid a scene in public; but if he had so little confidence in Watson's self-control, why did he come to him at all? ... And, above all, why did he turn aside? On numerous occasions when he knew Holmes to be alive Watson had failed to penetrate his various disguises. In fact, Holmes delighted in trying them on him and made some very cutting remarks upon his failure to see through them. It is incredible that his confidence in his art of make-up had grown so weak that he was afraid Watson would recognize in the aged bookseller a man whom he thought long dead." (p. 397)
51. Anthony Boucher points out in Imposter: "But Holmes could not have known that before the trial, and even before he had seen Colonel Moran against the darkening sky". However, Christ, supra, note 44, notes that Holmes did know this when he was telling Watson the story. "Holmes was merely mistaken when he said at Strassburg that all but one of the gang had been taken." (p. 24)
52. "It must have been a long and difficult journey [to Tibet]," writes June Thomson in Holmes and Watson, "necessitating a sea-voyage to India, where he may have landed at Bombay, the port at which Watson had disembarked eleven years earlier in 1888 at the start of his military adventures in Afghanistan." (p. 176)
53. "Tibet, Thibet, or Tübet, [is] an extensive and highly-elevated region in the heart of Asia, comprising tablelands ranging from 10,000 to 17,600 feet above sea-level. The Himalayan mountain ranges and the transverse ranges of upper Yun-nan constitute the southern scarp, the Yun-ling Mountains of China the eastern scarp, and the Kuen-Lun...ranges the northern scarp, towards Turkestan and Mongolia on the west where it narrows considerably it merges into the Pamir tablelands.... Much of Tibet is wholly abandoned to wild animals and much is uncultivable and occupied only by various wandering tribes of nomads. The centres of the settled and agricultural population lie in the south, in a region named Bod-yui...by the inhabitants, who are called Bod-pas.... The greater portion of the region is governed under the supremacy of China, by lamas and gyatpos, ecclesiastical and lay Bod-pas, the principal seat of government being at Lhasa, the chief city of Bod-yui. Portions are subject to Kashmir and Nepal and to independent chieftains and portions are directly subject to China; but the Bod-pa ethnological element prevails more or less throughout.
"Tibet was long a terra incognita to Europeans. It is difficult of access on all sides, and everywhere difficult to traverse. Its great elevation causes the climate to be rather arctic than tropical, so that there is no gradual blending of the climates and physical conditions of India and Tibet, such as would tend to promote intercourse between the inhabitants of these neighboring regions.... No great armies have ever crossed Tibet to invade India, even those of Jenghiz Khan.... Thus it was no easy matter for the early European travelers to find their way into and explore Tibet..... The first Englishman to enter Tibet was George Bogle, in 1774, on an embassy from Warren Hastings to the tashi (teshu) lama of Shigatze. In 1811 Thomas Manning made his way from India to Lhasa; he is the only Englishman who has succeeded in reaching the sacred city, and he had soon to leave it. During the 19th century Europeans have been systematically prevented from entering the country or speedily expelled if found in it." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XXIII, p. 338-39)
A. Carson Simpson traces in some detail Holmes's probable route, in Sherlock Holmes's Wanderjahre. Part III, In Fernem Land, Unnahbar Euren Schritten.
54. Huc and Gabet, French Lazarist priests, travelled from China and reached Lhasa on January 29, 1846. Huc describes the city: "The sun was about to set as we completed our descent of the innumerable zigzags of the mountain path. Issuing into a wide valley, we behold on our right Lhasa, the famous metropolis of the Buddhist world. The multitude of aged trees which encircle the city as with a girdle of foliage, the lofty white houses, terminating in flat roofs surrounded by turrets, the numerous temples with their gilt canopies, the Buddhala [Potala], crowned by the palace of the Dalai Lama,--all unite to give Lhasa a majestic and imposing appearance." Huc, Souveniers d'un Voyage, &c.. Paris, 1850, vol. ii.
"The city is nearly circular in form, and according to Nain Singh [an Indian surveyor who travelled to Lhasa and spent a year there, from January 10, 1866, to April 21, 1867) less than a mile in diameter. It was walled in the latter part of the 17th century, but the walls were destroyed during the Chinese occupation in 1722. The population has been estimated at 40,000 to 80,000 the last estimate perhaps including the great population of monks and students in the convents near the city.... The chief streets of the city are wide and straight, and in dry weather tolerably clean, but the inferior quarters are unspeakably filthy and are rife with evil smells and large mangy dogs. [The Chinese have a proverb as to the three products of Lhasa being dogs, drabs, and lamas.].... Lhasa is not only the nucleus of a cluster of vast monastic establishments, which attract students and aspirants to the (so-called) religious life from all parts of Tibet and Mongolia, and the seat of a quasi papacy, but is also a great place of pilgrimage, so that the streets and public spaces swarm with visitors from every part of the Himalayan plateau, and from all the steppes of Asia between Manchuria and the Balkash Lake, who come to adore the living Buddha, to seek the purgation of their sins and the promise of a happy transmigration, and to carry away with them holy relics, blessed rosaries, and all the miscellaneous trumpery which is set forth to catch the money of idle people in Asia and Europe, whether they are pilgrims or frequenters of mineral waters, whilst as usual a great traffic arises quite apart from the pilgrimages. The city thus swarms with crowds attracted by devotion and the love of gain, and presents an astonishing diversity of language, costume, and physiognomy..." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XIV, p. 497)
55. Which "head Lama"? "Since 1720 Tibet has been a dependency of China, and as such is under the Chinese viceroy of Sze-chuen.... In matters of civil government the supreme authority belongs to the dalai lama, the rgyal-ba rin-po-e, residing in the famous temple-palace of Potala.... But he is consulted only in cases of emergency, when his decision is never questioned. His powers are transmitted to a special officer for life, nominated by the Chinese Government, who is known by several titles, such as de-sri or the Mongol nomokhan, 'king of the law'; he is the rgyal-po or 'king' as well as the prime minister of the dalai lama, and the regent when the latter is a minor. He is selected from among the four head lamas of the Chomoling, Konduling, Tangialing, and Chajoling divisions near Lhasa, so-called from their chief monasteries or dgonpa (vulg. gomba). Each of the four must be, like the dalai lama, an avatar, i.e., when removed by death he must reappear in the flesh as a child and be raised to that position. Of equal rank with the nomokhan is the daba lama of dGa-Idan, the great monastery near Lhasa; he, however, is not an avatarian lama: his appointment has to be confirmed by the Chinese emperor. Next to him is the lama guru or chaplain of the dalai lama, the director of his conscience; he may be an avatar, but his nomination is also in the hands of the Chinese emperor, and this furnishes an interesting clue to the extent of the imperial power over the church of Tibet.... [Within the four provinces of Tibet] there are four principalities which are under the direct government of the Chinese imperial delegates. These are (1) Dayag or Chraya and (2) Kiamdo or Chiamdo, both on the east; (3) bKra-歩s-lhun-po or Tashilunpo, where resides the pan-en rin-po-té, who yields to none but the dalai lama in religious importance, and, though an avatar, requires also the confirmation of the Chinese emperor in his election; (4) Sakya-Kongma, south-west of the preceding." Encyclop?dia Britannica (9th Ed.) (vol. XXIII, p. 345).
A. Carson Simpson points out that at the time of Holmes's visit, both the Dalai Lama and the Pan-chen Rim-po-che (or Tashi Lama) were minors and in any event are never referred to as "head lama." Simpson identifies the "head lama" as the Regent, abbot of the Ten-gye-ling Monastery, called the "Head Lama" by Sir Charles Bell [Tibet, Past and Present. Oxford (1924)]. Sherlock Holmes's Wanderjahre. Part II, Post Huc Nec Ergo Propter Huc Gabetque (p. 11).
The word is "Llama" in the Strand Magazine, many other magazine publications and early American texts.
56. "His choice of nationality may have been prompted by the success of the Swede, Sven Hedin," suggests June Thomson in Holmes and Watson, "who had already gained a reputation as a Far East explorer in 1885. Later Hedin was to travel extensively in Tibet and in 1905-6 published a detailed map of the country." (p. 177)
H. B. Williams suggests, in "A Non-Canonical Clue," that the reports of Sigerson's travels in Tibet were bound to stir the attention of Colonel Moran, as the author of "Heavy Game of the Western Himalayas." Holmes undoubtedly would have understood this, and therefore "Holmes was either pulling Watson's leg or...he was not Sigerson." (p. 94)
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APPENDIX 1
THE LOCATIONS OF "A MOST DESIRABLE RESIDENCE"
Numerous candidates have been put forward for the location of "221B Baker Street" and correspondingly for the "Empty House":
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APPENDIX 2
THE GREAT HIATUS
There are far too many studies of the activities of Sherlock Holmes during the years 1891 to 1894 to be dealt with in any but the most cursory fashion in a work such as this. The following, then, should be viewed as a mere sampling of the more interesting conjectures. (130) Pastiches (although in many instances admittedly difficult to distinguish from "scholarship" when it comes to the Great Hiatus) are not discussed below:
Fundamentalism
A substantial group of scholars accept Holmes's travel tale as essentially true, although perhaps lacking in explanation. The most detailed study is that of A. Carson Simpson, his four-volume work entitled Sherlock Holmes's Wanderjahre. This consists of four volumes, Pt. 1 entitled Fanget An!, Pt. 2 Post Huc nec ergo Propter Huc Gabetque, Pt. 3. In fernem Land, unnahbar euren Schritten, and Pt. 4, Auf der Erde Rücken rührt' ich mich viel, in which Simpson considers Holmes's homeward trip. Lord Donegall, in "April 1891-April 1894," clearly expresses the faith of the fundamentalist and confirms that the journey could have happened as outlined by Holmes.
Some add background or additional detail to the basic journey. For example, C. Arnold Johnson, in "An East Wind," suggests that Moriarty survived Reichenbach and pursued Holmes to Tibet, where, to gain control of the wealth and resources of the Orient, he disguised himself as a Prince of the Manchus. In his madness, fiction became reality and eventually he emerged as Dr. Fu Manchu.
Others consider possible messages sent by Holmes. Jerold M. Bensky's "'Sigerson'--What Is in a Name?" investigates Holmes's use of the name "Sigerson" as a code or cipher to inform Mycroft of the location where he was hiding or seeking seclusion and possibly to carry vital information to Mycroft about the political situation of each country. Similarly, Patricia Dodd, in "Communicating in Code," suggests that during the Great Hiatus, Holmes continued to keep in touch with both Mycroft and Watson through an intricate network of coded messages. Watson's messages from Mycroft to Sherlock, who was disguised as a fledgling member of Moran's gang, were cleverly inserted in the cases known as the Adventures and the Memoirs.
Tibet and Holmes's sojourn there are the subjects of special study. T. S. Blakeney's "Disjecta Membra" considers the likely path of Holmes's entry into Tibet. In "'A High-at-us,'" Ron Carlson proposes that Holmes used his visit to negotiate with the head lama to grow a certain "'highly' relaxing product" that was to have been marketed by Moriarty. Similarly, Patrick E. Drazen maintains, in his article "The Greater Vehicle: Holmes in Tibet," that Holmes spent two years in Tibet pursuing Tibetan Buddhism to rid himself of the cocaine habit.
In another flight of fancy, Robert S. Chambers, in "The Journey to a Lost Horizon," suggests that Holmes discovered "Shangri-La," first described in a fictionalized narrative by James Hilton. A similar suggestion is made by Dana Martin Batory, in "Hiatus in Paradise." Batory's essay theorizes that Holmes and the Norwegian explorer Sigerson journeyed to Tibet to investigate the disappearance of strange cargo caravans in the Himalayas. Both found themselves "guests" at the lamasery of Shangri-La. Sigerson was never allowed to leave. Holmes was sent back into the world to finish his work.
In a fascinating piece entitled "A Norwegian Named Sigerson," Hans-Uno Bengtsson recounts how, when the thirteenth Dalai Lama came of age in 1895, the retired Regent plotted an assassination, using as his instrument, a pair of cursed slippers. The plot was discovered through some remarkable detective work by the Dalai Lama. Bengtsson proposes that Holmes must have had an audience with the Dalai Lama, in which Holmes gave instruction in the art of detection.
Other aspects of the trip as reported by Holmes are examined. Ed Moorman, in "A Short But Interesting Visit," explains why Holmes would have visited Khartoum to see the Khalifa, who was the murderer of Watson's hero, General Gordon, and how his visit affected England's involvement in world affairs well into the 20th century.
The study of coal-tar derivatives mentioned by Holmes draws special attention. Carol Whitlam, in "Researching the Coal-Tar Derivatives," speculates on the compounds Holmes may have researched in Montpellier in 1894. In "Double 'L'--Why in the Empty House?," Donald A. Redmond considers why Holmes conducted his coal-tar research in Montpellier (France), not Montpelier (Vermont), as spelled by Watson. However, Raymond L. Holly ("A Laboratory at Montpelier") suggests that Holmes may have conducted his research in coal-tar derivatives at Montpelier in England. Brad Keefauver, in "So You Think Coal-Tar Derivatives Are Boring? Not So!," speculates that Holmes, who had considerable knowledge of perfumes, may have been researching synthetic perfumes derived from coal tar. Richard M. Caplan comes to a different conclusion in "Why Coal-Tar Derivatives at Montpellier?," where he suggests that Holmes's research focused on the prospect of identifying and tracing for forensic purposes the origins of aniline dyes and inks.
No Deposit, No Return
There is a distinct school of thought that the Great Hiatus never happened. The leading proponent is Armstrong, whose theory is explored in detail supra. Succinctly, Armstrong argues, "Holmes did not return. He did not return because he had never been away.... Not only was Holmes in London, but he was living in the same house with Watson all the time. Watson has deceived us. But we cannot blame him, for the deception was necessary in order to trap the wily members of the Moriarty gang who remained." (p. 401)
Richard Lancelyn Green follows along the lines of Armstrong in "On Tour with Sigerson," arguing that the only logical place where Holmes could have gone into hiding and, at the same time, maintain contact with the criminal world was in London. He returned to live at 221B, venturing forth in disguise, and only Mrs. Hudson, Mycroft, and Lestrade were in his confidence.
Anthony Boucher, in Imposter, also concludes that Holmes did not take the reported journey, because he did, in fact, fall over the cliff at the Reichenbach. The man who in 1894 returned to London was, according to Boucher, in reality Holmes's cousin Sherrinford. This hypothesis is rejected by Jay Finley Christ, supra, note 44, and by Gilbert Shields in "The Mysterious Return of Sherlock Holmes." Boucher offers a reply in verse in "Ballade of the Later Holmes." A different imposter is suggested by Stefan Ernstson, in "The Counterfeit Sherlock Holmes Unmasked," who concludes that the Master's sister replaced Holmes. (131)
An even more spectacular suggestion is that of Harry Halén, set forth in "Sherlock Holmes Ven?j?ll?" ["Sherlock Holmes in Russia"]. "The author's main thesis is that the vanishing trick of the century was performed by Holmes in 1891-1893 and after. In Tibet he underwent a "tantric materialization ritual" that resulted in Sherlock Holmes II, a live copy of the detective--a phantom body with almost all the intellectual and physical faculties of the original. In the company of his newly-born identical brother, the real Holmes, in the guise of a tobacco merchant named Anaxagoras Gurr, arrived in Russia at the invitation of Anton Chekhov. The two Holmeses parted in Riga: the phantom Holmes returned to London and the real Holmes began working in Russia, first in the Baltic provinces. Halén cites several Estonian-language titles of books telling about Holmes's exploits. These books belong to the apocryphal literature on Holmes." (132)
Similarly, Robert Keller, in "Sherlock Holmes: A Spectra?," proposes that Holmes did indeed die in the fall at Reichenbach and then returned in a spiritual, resurrected form. His later adventures were actually those of "the world's first consulting ghost."
A Different Journey
A third school of writers construct entirely different itineraries for the Great Hiatus. Anders Fage-Pedersen, in A Case of Identity, demonstrates that Holmes and Dr. Nikola, a mystical doctor who travelled in Tibet during the Hiatus, are the same person.
A love affair is a common theme. Benjamin Grosbayne, in "Sherlock Holmes's Honeymoon," concludes that he married Irene Adler, became a distinguished operatic conductor and toured the musical centres of the world with his wife. Martin J. King ("Holmes in Hoboken?") sees Holmes slipping off to Hoboken, New Jersey, and identifies the Meyers Hotel there as the location of Holmes's tryst with Irene Adler, resulting in the birth of their son, Nero Wolfe. Stanley McComas, supra, note 46, presents evidence that Holmes and Irene Adler (divorced from Godfrey Norton) were married in Florence and then spent the next three years travelling about Asia.
More farfetched is the work of Alastair Martin, in "Finding the Better Half," which identifies Moriarty as the widow of Count Dracula whom Holmes encountered at the Reichenbach, wed, and spent three years with during the Great Hiatus. An even greater leap is taken by James Nelson, in "Sherlock and the Sherpas," who proposes that in Tibet Holmes met and mated with the Abominable Snow-woman. "This takes the prize for the most fanciful of all Sherlockian conjectures!," according to DeWaal (p. II-356).
Several writers conclude that Holmes was involved with the Lizzie Borden case, which occurred in 1892. Edgar W. Smith's "Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus" seems to have been the first. Allen Robertson's "Baker Street, Beecher and Borden" expands on the connection, while in Jon Borden Sisson's "Dr. Handy's Wild-Eyed Man," a document purportedly written in 1892 by Dr. Benjamin Handy of Fall River, Massachusetts, describes Holmes's acquaintance with Lizzie Borden and his investigation of the murders of her father and stepmother. Handy concludes that Holmes may have committed the murders himself, and the article further suggests that Holmes had an affair with Lizzie.
The Russians are a common theme in the "Sherlock Holmes, Secret Agent" line of theories. T. Frederick Foss, in "The Missing Years," argues that Holmes did not spend two years in Tibet posing as a Norwegian explorer named Sigerson, but, instead, assisted his country by ferreting out information on Russian intrigues in India. He expands this argument in "But That Is Another Story," contending that the Indian Government reluctantly agreed to his presence there, but arranged for Kipling's policeman, Strickland, to keep an eye on him.
The eminent writer Poul Anderson, in "Sherlock Holmes, Explorer," suggests that Holmes's travels during the Hiatus were a working out of a lifelong wish to be an explorer, although his activities in Tibet also involved counteracting the machinations of the Russian agent Dorijev. See also Manly Wade Wellman's "Scoundrels in Bohemia," suggesting far-flung espionage activities.
There was spying to be done in Persia as well, contends William P. Collins, in "It Is Time That I Should Turn to Other Memories: Sherlock Holmes and Persia, 1893." Collins's evidence strongly suggests that Holmes indeed spent at least two months in Persia where he observed the activities of the Russians; assessed the effects of the activities of Siyyid Jamálu'd-Dín "al-Afqhání" and Mírzá Malkam Khán on British interests; and made a number of recommendations on British policy to Her Majesty's representatives.
Similarly, John P. and Susan M. Thornton, in "The Adventure of the Elusive Boundary Line: An Account of the Master's Encounter with Destiny in Central Asia," argue that "Holmes was not the casual wanderer that he made himself out to be, but the Foreign Office's master agent who masterminded much of the Empire's success in Central Asia at the turn of the century. In character with his adventures as described in the Canon, he provided the stepping-stones for many others to rise to fame while he remained in the shadows."
Another "secret agent" suggestion is that of Raymond L. Holly in "Europeans in Lhasa in 1891." He points out that H. Rider Haggard attributes his tales She and Ayesha to one Ludwig Horace Holly, who claims to have been in Tibet with his adopted son in 1891. They were saved from execution by a friendly Chinese official, who, Raymond Holly suggests, in reality was Holmes in disguise, working as a secret operative for Her Majesty's Government.
Other activities are proposed as well. Alan Olding, head of the Sherlock Holmes Society of Australia, suggests (in "Holmes in Terra Australis Incognita--Incognito") that Holmes gained his knowledge of the Australian criminal class by spending part of his hiatus in Australia. Bob Reyom, in "The Great Hiatus, or Locked in the Music Room Without My Cello," hypothesizes that the hiatus was spent studying the motets of Orlando di Lasso, while Dana Martin Batory ("Tut, Tut, Sherlock!") examines the possibility that the mysterious Egyptian "detective" Abu Tabah (of Sax Rohmer's Tales of Secret Egypt (1918)) was in actuality Sherlock Holmes, who spent part of his Great Hiatus in Egypt disrupting the hashish trade on behalf of the British government.
On a musical note, Gordon R. Speck's article, "'... And a Week Later I Was in Florence,'" considers that Holmes may have spent the first weeks and the final weeks of the Great Hiatus in Cremona collecting samples from the Stradivari's workshop and in Montpellier analyzing them.
According to Tomas Gejrot ("Was Sherlock Holmes A Patient of Sigmund Freud's?), Holmes spent his Hiatus in Vienna being treated for his addiction to cocaine. Of course, this view was taken to the extreme in Nicholas Meyer's novel Seven-per-cent Solution.
APPENDIX 3
THE DATING OF "THE ADVENTURE OF THE EMPTY HOUSE"
There is almost no disagreement among chronologists that the events of "The Adventure of the Empty House" took place in early April 1894. (133) The following table summarizes their conclusions:
Chronology ……Date Assigned
Canon ……Apr. 1894
Bell, H. W. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson: The Chronology of Their Adventures. ……Early Apr. 1894
Blakeney, T. S. Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction? ……Apr. 1894
Christ, Jay Finley. An Irregular Chronology of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street. ……Apr. 2, 1894, Mon.
Brend, Gavin. My Dear Holmes. ……Feb. 1894
Baring-Gould, William S., "New Chronology of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson" ……Early Apr. 1894
Baring-Gould, William. The Chronological Holmes. Mr. Baring-Gould uses the same dates in Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: A Life of the World's First Consulting Detective and Annotated.…… Apr. 5, 1894, Thu.
Zeisler, Ernest Bloomfield. Baker Street Chronology: Commentaries on the Sacred Writings of Dr. John H. Watson.…… Apr. 3, 1894, Tue.
Folsom, Henry T. Through the Years at Baker Street: A Chronology of Sherlock Holmes. ……Apr. 4, 1894, Wed.
Folsom, Henry T. Through the Years at Baker Street: A Chronology of Sherlock Holmes, Revised Edition. ……Apr. 5, 1894, Thu.
Dakin, D. Martin. A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. ……Feb. 1894
Butters, Roger. First Person Singular: A Review of the Life and Work of Mr. Sherlock Holmes, the World's First Consulting Detective, and His Friend and Colleague, Dr. John H. Watson. ……Apr. 1894
Bradley, C. Alan, and Sarjeant, William A. S. Ms. Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth about Sherlock. ……Apr. 5, 1894, Thu.
Hall, John. "I Remember the Date Very Well": A Chronology of the Sherlock Holmes Stories of Arthur Conan Doyle. ……Apr. 1, 1894, Sun.
Thomson, June. Holmes and Watson. ……Feb. 1894
BIBLIOGRAPHY（参考书目）
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Baedeker, Karl. Great Britain: Handbook for Travellers. Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, Publisher (1894).
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